四川青衣江上游若壁小沟泥石流及其防治对策

若壁小沟为四川青衣江上游左岸的一级支沟,该沟处于深切割高山峡谷区,地形坡度陡,构造发育,岩石破碎,加之较为丰富的降雨,使该沟具备泥石流暴发的条件。该沟如果暴发泥石流,将对某电站拟建厂房产生威胁。该沟泥石流具有成灾快、危害严重、松散固体物质以坡面崩塌补给为主、活动频率中等等特征。通过野外考察和取样分析,该沟泥石流的性质和类型为中频率—中~大规模—低~高粘度泥石质泥石流。分析预测了该沟泥石流在强烈地震条件下、近期出现不同频率暴雨情况下及人类活动影响下的发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了该沟泥石流减灾工程规划方案。     

树脂吸附-Fenton试剂氧化法处理水杨醛生产废水

采用树脂吸附-Fenton试剂氧化法处理水杨醛生产废水。XF-01树脂和XF-02树脂静态吸附水杨醛生产废水时,COD去除率均在85％以上,挥发酚去除率均高于90％。XF-02树脂对水杨醛生产废水的处理效果更佳。动态吸附随废水流量增大,吸附出水的COD和挥发酚质量浓度均增加。适宜的废水流量为15BV,树脂的最佳脱附温度为80℃。在连续4批的吸附-脱附实验中,吸附出水的平均COD约为1200mg／L,平均挥发酚质量浓度小于10mg／L。在Fenton试剂氧化中,铁屑和铁粉的催化效果差别很小,都好于FeSO4·7H2O。以铁屑为催化剂、H2O2溶液加入量为1％时,氧化出水的COD小于150mg／L,挥发酚质量浓度小于0．5mg／L。     

洗涤废水化学法除磷试验研究

对Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３，Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２不同反应条件下去除洗涤废水中总磷的情况作了对比试验，结果表明，按Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２：ＴＰ＝３．７：１．０（重量比）投加试剂，回用生成的磷灰石沉淀助凝，ＴＰ（总磷）去除率可达９５％，ＣＯＤｃｒ有少量去除。     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状

膜生物反应器及其组合工艺能实现水源水中微污染物的有效去除,是一种新型高效水处理工艺.总结了膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状、污染物去除效果和机制;在分析膜污染机制基础上归纳了膜污染控制和污染膜清洗方式,展望了膜生物反应器在给水领域应用需克服解决的技术难点.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) deposition to and exchange at the air-water interface of Luhu, an urban lake in Guangzhou, China

Urban lakes are vulnerable to the accumulation of semivolatile organic compounds, such as PAHs from wet and dry atmospheric deposition. Little was reported on the seasonal patterns of atmospheric deposition of PAHs under Asian monsoon climate. Bulk (dry + wet) particle deposition, air-water diffusion exchange, and vapour wet deposition of PAHs in a small urban lake in Guangzhou were estimated based on a year-round monitoring. The total PAH particle deposition fluxes observed were 0.44-3.46 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. The mean air-water diffusive exchange flux was 20.7 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. The vapour deposition fluxes of PAHs ranged 0.15-8.26 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. Remarkable seasonal variations of particulate PAH deposition, air-water exchange fluxes and vapour wet deposition were influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological parameters. The deposition fluxes were predominantly controlled by the precipitation intensity in wet season whereas by atmospheric concentration in dry season.     

土壤-纳滤系统处理再生水补充地下水的研究

为充分保障再生水回灌地下时的水质安全、提供高质量地下水资源,在土壤处理系统中嵌入纳滤技术强化对再生水的处理效果,并初步探讨土壤系统作为前处理对纳滤膜污染的控制机理.结果表明,未采用臭氧氧化预处理前,土壤处理对再生水DOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为22%和20%.臭氧氧化对UV254的平均去除率为51%,并将土壤对D...     

SBR降解动力学研究

采用SBR工艺处理有机废水,在已有工艺条件下对生物降解动力学进行了研究,得出生物降解反应为一级反应。研究表明,用Monod公式能较好反映出有机物的降解规律,确定了其动力学参数V_max=14.6306 d^-1,K_s=83.2993 mg/L,得出SBR降解动力学模型为V=14.6306X·S/(83.2993+S)。利用以动力学为基础的动态模拟法优化SBR工艺,实验结果表明该方法合理可行,对SBR的设计与运行有一定的指导作用,可作为SBR反应器扩大实验和设计的依据。     

负载壳聚糖膨润土的制备及其吸附性能的影响

以天然膨润土和壳聚糖为原料,制得一种新型水处理剂——负载壳聚糖膨润土,研究了制备条件对酸性大红印染废水处理效果的影响。实验表明,当壳聚糖的浓度为30 g/L、膨润土质量与壳聚糖溶液体积之比为0.7、浸泡时间80 min、微烘时间15 min时,壳聚糖改性膨润土对酸性大红印染废水的脱色率可达97%。对改性土进行比表面积测定、电镜扫描及X-射线衍射等结构特性分析,证明壳聚糖的引入改变了膨润土在水中的分散状态,增强了其对污染物的吸附和离子交换能力。     

炭纤维载体固定床厌氧发酵启动运行效果实验

以开发高效率、抗冲击性能强的高浓度有机废水沼气发酵技术为目的,用传统的 UASB反应器作为对照,研究了以炭纤维为生物膜载体的固定床厌氧反应器的启动运行效果。反应器进口废水 COD 为 5 000 mg/L, 水力停留时间 (HRT) 由213 h 逐步缩短为35 h,进水有机容积负荷(OLR)由0.56 kg COD/ (m³·d)提到3.45 kg COD/(m³·d)。结果表明,固定床反应器厌氧发酵的效率比对照高,出水 pH 值也比对照稳定;运行到第 50 d 时,固定床厌氧反应器和对照的 COD去除率分别由第 7 d 的36.56%和33.58%上升到87.9%和62.6%;固定床厌氧反应器的容积比产气率最高为1.16 m³/(m³·d),累计产气量为415.59 L,而对照的容积比产气率最高值仅为0.31 m³ /(m³·d),累计产气量为 71.66 L,前者最高容积比产气率和累计产气量分别是后者的3.74倍和5.78倍。固定床厌氧反应器的启动速度、COD 去除率和产甲烷效率显著地高于对照反应器。