化学沉淀-水解酸化-生物接触氧化-反渗透工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了采用化学沉淀-水解酸化-生物接触氧化-反渗透组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳条件,在pH=9,n(Mg2+)∶n(NH4+)∶n(PO34-)=1.2∶1∶1.05,搅拌速率170r/min,搅拌时间21 min条件下进行化学沉淀法脱氮,水解酸化反应器内废水停留时间10 h,生物接触氧化反应器内废水停留时间12 h,...     

Determination of PM2.5 Sulfate and Nitrate with a PC-BOSS Designed for Routine Sampling for Semi-Volatile Particulate Matter

ABSTRACT

Ambient particles contain substantial quantities of material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter. These include ammonium nitrate and semi-volatile organic compounds. As a result, the concentrations of these species are often significantly in error for results obtained with a filter pack sampler. The accurate measurement of these semi-volatile fine particulate species is essential for a complete understanding of the possible causes of health effects associated with exposure to fine particles. Past organic compound diffusion denuder samplers developed by the authors (e.g., the Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System [BOSS]) are not amenable to routine field use because of the need to independently determine the gas-phase semi-volatile organic material efficiency of the denuder for each sample. This problem has been eliminated using a combined virtual impactor, particle-concentrator inlet to provide a concentrated stream of 0.1-2.5-μm particles. This is followed by a BOSS diffusion denuder and filter packs to collect particles, including any semi-volatile species lost from the particles during sampling. The samp ler (Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System [PC-BOSS]) contains a post-denuder multifilter pack unit to allow for the routine collection of several sequential samples. The PC-BOSS can be used for the determination of both fine particulate nitrate and semi-volatile organic material without significant “positive” or “negative” sampling artifacts. Validation of the sampler for the determination of PM_2.5 sulfate and nitrate based on comparison of results obtained at Riverside, CA with collocated PC-BOSS, annular denuder, and Chem Spec samplers indicates the PC-BOSS gives accurate results for these species with a precision of ±5-8%. An average of 33% of the PM_2.5 nitrate was lost from the particles during sampling for both denuder and single filter samplers.     

秦皇岛市生态环境建设规划若干问题探讨

作者对城市生态环境建设规划的类型和特点进行了归纳,并对编制生态规划所必须进行的生态调查和生态区划进行了概述,提出了编制城市生态环境建设规划与可持续发展战略等若干问题的解决思路。     

秦皇岛市城市污水资源化目标及对策研究

本文在分析和评估秦皇岛市污水资源现状和潜力的基础上,提出了未来10年秦皇岛市污水资源化的意义、对策和方案。其结论对解决未来秦皇岛市可能发生的水危机以及秦皇岛市生态城市建设具有重要的参考价值。     

汞、DDT、六六六在蓟运河河口生态系中的迁移、积累与循环

在蓟运河河口生态系统中,水生生物对汞、DDT、六六六均有很强的积累能力,体内积累量大体上有沿生物营养等级而增高的趋势,尤以汞最为明显。汞在浮游生物、底栖动物、草食性鱼类、杂食性鱼类、肉食性鱼类及水鸟体内的平均含量分别为0.34、0.48、0.90、1.28、1.70和3.29mg/kg。 六六六的浓缩因子较小(10~2),且易于排出;DDT的积累能力最强(10~4),但在生物体内易转化成毒性较小的DDE和DDD;汞有较强的富集能力(10~3),可在生态系统中循环住复。     

弱碱性树脂吸附-解吸苦味酸

考察了水中苦味酸在弱碱性离子交换树脂D301R上的吸附与解吸。研究了吸附热力学、动力学特性及吸附机理。结果表明,树脂在pH=2.7～10.2时,吸附能力最好。等温平衡吸附遵循Freundlich模型。吸附过程为吸热、熵增的自发过程。吸附动力学符合Lagergren准二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的主要控制步骤,吸附速率常数为7.23×10-5～1.20×10-4g/(mg.min),吸附活化能为19.4 kJ/mol。树脂上吸附的苦味酸可用HNO3+丙酮混合液定量洗脱,洗脱率达99%。静态吸附和脱附的比较结果证实了吸附过程中存在不可逆化学吸附。树脂对苦味酸的吸附主要是通过静电吸附、酸碱络合吸附、氢键吸附等协同作用来完成的。     

Data quality assessment for studies investigating microplastics and nanoplastics in food products: Are current data reliable?

● Data quality assessment criteria for MP/NPs in food products were developed. ● Data quality of 71 data records (69 of them only focused on MPs) was assessed. ● About 96% of the data records were considered unreliable in at least one criterion. ● Improvements need to be made regarding positive controls and polymer identification. ● A mismatch between MP/NPs used in toxicity studies and those in foods was recorded. Data on the occurrence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MP/NPs) in foods have been used to assess the human health risk caused by the consumption of MP/NPs. The reliability of the data, however, remains unclear because of the lack of international standards for the analysis of MP/NPs in foods. Therefore, the data quality needs to be assessed for accurate health risk assessment. This study developed 10 criteria applicable to the quality assessment of data on MP/NPs in foods. Accordingly, the reliability of 71 data records (69 of them only focused on MPs) was assessed by assigning a score of 2 (reliable without restrictions), 1 (reliable but with restrictions), or 0 (unreliable) on each criterion. The results showed that only three data records scored 2 or 1 on all criteria, and six data records scored 0 on as many as six criteria. A total of 58 data records did not include information on positive controls, and 12 data records did not conduct the polymer identification, which could result in the overestimation or underestimation of MP/NPs. Our results also indicated that the data quality of unprocessed foods was more reliable than that of processed foods. Furthermore, we proposed a quality assurance and quality control protocol to investigate MP/NPs in foods. Notably, the characteristics of MP/NPs used in toxicological studies and those existing in foods showed a remarkable discrepancy, causing the uncertainty of health risk assessment. Therefore, both the estimated exposure of MP/NPs and the claimed potential health risks should be treated with caution.     

絮凝DAF中试工艺处理密云水库低温低浊水的影响因素

系统研究以硫酸铝和聚铝为絮凝剂时絮凝-DAF工艺中的水力学参数对除浊率的影响 .结果表明聚铝表现出了更优越的参数值 .在凝聚段 ,聚铝需要的高速混合时间为 15s,而硫酸铝则为 30s以上 ,2者对混合强度的要求为G=300～1000s^-1.聚铝的絮凝反应时间为 5.0min以上 ,硫酸铝为 7.5min以上 ,而且搅拌强度范围平均G值 =40～140s^-1;确定合适的总平均GT值≥2×10⁴.当应用聚铝为絮凝剂时 ,可以采用两级或三级等速搅拌 .对于仿MJ型的释放器 ,在实验的范围内释气压力为 2.5～3.3kg/cm² 时 ,5.0 %～8.3%的回流比较合适 .气浮接触区的水力条件和停留时间对絮凝气浮的除浊效果有较大的影响 .     

New insight into scale inhibition during tea brewing: Ca2+/Mg2+ complexing and alkalinity consumption

Scale not only affects the taste and color of water, but also increases the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with drinking it. As a popular beverage, tea is rich many substances that have considerable potential for scale inhibition, including protein, tea polyphenols and organic acids. In this study, the effect of tea brewing on scale formation was explored. It was found that the proteins, catechins and organic acids in tea leaves could be released when the green tea was brewed in water with sufficient hardness and alkalinity. The tea-released protein was able to provide carboxyl groups to chelate with calcium ions (Ca²⁺), preventing the Ca²⁺ from reacting with the carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻). The B rings of catechins were another important structure in the complexation of Ca²⁺ and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺). The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the organic acids was able to form five-membered chelating rings with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, resulting in a significant decrease in Ca²⁺ from 100.0 to 60.0 mg/L. Additionally, the hydrogen ions (H⁺) provided by the organic acids consumed and decreased the alkalinity of the water from 250.0 to 131.4 mg/L, leading to a remarkable reduction in pH from 8.93 to 7.73. It further prevented the bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) from producing CO₃²⁻ when the water was heated. The reaction of the tea constituents with the hardness and alkalinity inhibited the formation of scale, leading to a significant decrease in turbidity from 10.6 to 1.4 NTU. Overall, this study provides information to help build towards an understanding of the scale inhibition properties of tea and the prospects of tea for anti-scaling in industrial applications.