纳帕海湖滨草甸湿地土壤氮动态对水文周期变化的响应

对滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地湖滨草甸土壤氮动态进行了为期2 a的定位监测,分析了水文周期对草甸土壤氮转化过程的驱动规律.结果表明,湖滨草甸湿地表现出以土壤干湿交替为主的水文周期变化特征.水文周期对0~20 cm表层土壤全氮赋存有显著影响,表层土壤全氮含量变幅为0.96~1.30 g/kg,呈不规则"W"型变化模式,在雨季表层土壤全氮与水位波动趋势一致.旱季地下水位较低时,草甸土壤有机氮矿化作用强烈,土壤水解氮含量相对较高.在雨季草甸土壤水解氮含量与水位波动趋势相反,8月湖水退落土壤水解氮含量最高,0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层分别为222.19 mg/kg和47.41 mg/kg,湖水再次上涨土壤中水解氮含量下降幅度分别为42%和48%,表明雨季后期水位波动加速了土壤水解氮向湿地水体中的运移速率,增加了湿地水体氮营养负荷.     

Molecular characterization of root exudates using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The release of root exudates (REs) provides an important source of soil organic carbon. This work revealed the molecular composition of REs of different plant species including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) using electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The combination of positive ion mode (+ESI) and negative ion mode (-ESI) increased the number of the molecules detected by ESI FT-ICR MS, and a total of 8758 molecules were identified across all the samples. In detail, lipids and proteins and unsaturated hydrocarbons were more easily detected in +ESI mode, while aromatic compounds with high O/C were readily ionized in -ESI mode, and only 38% of the total assigned formulas were shared by -ESI and +ESI modes. Multivariate statistical analysis of the formulas indicated that the close related plants species secreted REs with similar molecular components. Moreover, the unsaturation degree and nitrogen content were the two key parameters able to distinguish the similarities and differences of molecular components of REs between plant species. The results provided a feasible analysis method for characterization of the molecular components of REs and for the first time characterized the molecular components of REs of a variety of plant species using ESI FT-ICR MS.     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

垃圾渗滤液原位处理工艺初步研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理是垃圾填埋场配套设施中占有重要地位的一部分,垃圾填埋场运行费用中占有很大比例。文章利用铁碳床技术在模拟试验装置中进行垃圾渗滤液原位处理进行了研究。试验装置经过26周的运行表明,结合铁碳床的垃圾填埋工艺装置COD去除率为93.88%,BOD5脱除率达到93.64%,氨氮去除率为42.13%,渗滤液的BOD5/COD比值从0.276升高到0.287。与回灌技术和渗滤液铁碳后处理工艺相比,结合铁碳床的垃圾填埋工艺在渗滤液各指标处理方面具有较大的优势,处理效果优于回灌技术和渗滤液铁碳后处理结合的效果。     

试论控制陆源污染防治海洋赤潮

简述了赤潮发生的原因、危害及发生情况,通过对海洋污染状况的分析,论述了从治理陆源污染源入手,削减氮、磷排放量,防治海洋赤潮的途径及措施。     

北京官厅水库周边土壤DDTs和HCHs暴露特征与风险评价

围绕北京水源地官厅水库周边2～10km范围于2009年系统布点,利用超声-振荡提取技术,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)分析方法测定了样品中的DDTs和HCHs含量.并利用GIS技术和地统计分析方法,研究其空间变异特征.结果表明,2009年官厅水库周边土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为n.d.～14.97ng·g-1(平均值0.73ng·g-1)、n.d.～64.91ng·g-1(平均值6.46ng·g-1).HCHs的残留以β-HCH为主,占总量的94.5%,DDTs的残留以p,p′-DDE为主,占总量的78.5%.不同土地利用类型中有机氯农药残留也不同,表现为果园农田荒地的趋势.Levene'sTest齐性检验结果显示,3种土地利用方式下HCHs和DDTs的残留差异并不显著.空间分析表明,其暴露格局受土地利用方式的影响,基本呈库北高于库南的趋势,高风险区集中在东部延庆县、中部的北辛堡镇以及西部的怀来县城附近.通过与我国土壤环境质量标准及荷兰土壤修复标准对比,并结合单因子污染指数法评价,本地区土壤中农药类POPs暴露仍处于较低的水平,环境风险较小.     

现代环境监测质量管理工作存在的问题及措施

随着人民生活水平的不断提高,对环境的要求越来越高,在这种背景下,我国越来越重视对环境的保护,国家日益重视环保事业的建设和发展,对环境监测质量的要求越来越高。如何加强环境监测质量成为了一个十分具有现实意义的问题。     

汾河水质状况研究

通过对十年来汾河沿程21个断面的常规水质监测数据进行整理分析,筛选出5项主要污染指标,采用综合水质指数法分析汾河及上、中、下游各河段水质变化趋势,运用沿程水质变化和几个重要水质指标的比值变化分析汾河水质状况和污染特征,总结主要污染指标的变化趋势,结合汾河流域实际排污情况探讨水质污染和改善原因,并对进一步改善汾河水环境质量提出建议。     

中国政府环境信息公开实施效果评价

环境信息公开是国际上公认的新一代环境治理手段,也是我国建设＂阳光政府＂的基本要求.在《环境信息公开办法》实施2 a后,针对31个省级、5个计划单列市和27个省会城市环境保护局落实环境信息公开的制度和行动进行调查分析,通过资料调查、实际公开申请和深入访谈,全面评估政府环境信息公开办法实施的有效性,以期为该办法的进一步完善...     

生物三相流化床A/O2组合工艺在焦化废水处理中的工程应用

针对目前焦化废水处理工程系统停留时间长、处理效率低的现状,采用自行研制的新型结构生物三相流化床来实现A/O2组合作为核心工艺,研究生物处理系统各个单元结构在焦化废水处理中的降解特性及耦合关系.结果表明,生物系统在总停留时间42 h下稳定运行时,厌氧流化床能有效提高焦化废水的可生化性;将废水的BOD5/CODCr(B/C)平均值从0.30提高到0.45,一级好氧流化床能高效降解有机污染物,对CODCr,和酚的平均去除率分别达到87.8%和99.9%,平均处理负荷分别为3.97 kg·m-3·d-1(以CODCr计)和1.01 kg·m-3·d-1(以酚计),二级好氧流化床对NH4 -N平均去除率达到89.9%.出水NH4 -N浓度稳定在15 mg·L-1以下.生物系统出水经过滤混凝沉淀工艺后达到＜钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456-1992)中的一级排放标准.