人体呼出气中内源性挥发性有机物筛选研究

人体代谢产生的内源性挥发性有机物（VOCs）可用作健康状况的标志物.本研究选择17~26岁无呼吸系统疾病的高校学生（73人）作为观察对象,使用气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器/质谱联用仪（GC-FID/MS）分析收集到的呼出气样本,对呼出气中VOCs的种类、浓度进行研究,发现了其5种卤代物的浓度高于室内浓度,其次是室外浓度.其中,在人体呼出气中1,1-二氯乙烯的浓度为室内浓度的近20倍,是室外浓度的近300倍,人体呼出气是环境中1,1-二氯乙烯的一个重要源.定量分析健康人呼出气,对比其与环境空气样本的浓度差异,并进行统计学检验,共筛选出1,1二氯乙烯、丙酮、1-己烯、甲基环己烷、2-戊酮、反-2-戊烯、2,4-二甲基戊烷、3-戊酮、四氯乙烯、对二氯苯、间二氯苯11种特征性内源性VOCs.     

Enhanced performances in catalytic oxidation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-xylene over hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silica-supported palladium catalysts

A series of hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silica supports (MMSs) were successfully synthesized using dual-templating technique employing polystyrene (PS) spheres and the Pluronic P123 surfactant. Pd was next loaded on the hierarchical silica supports via colloids precipitation method. Physicochemical properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by various techniques and all catalysts were tested for the total oxidation of o-xylene. Among them, the Pd/MMS-b catalyst with tetraethoxysilane/polystyrene weight ratio of 1.0 exhibited superior catalytic activity, and under a higher gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 70000 h^–1, the 90% conversion of o-xylene has been obtained at around 200°C. The BET and SEM results indicated that Pd/MMSb catalyst possesses high surface area and large pore volume, and well-ordered, interconnected macropores and 2D hexagonally mesopores hybrid network. This novel ordered hierarchical porous structure was highly beneficial to the dispersion of active sites Pd nanoparticles with less aggregation, and facilitates diffusion of reactants and products. Furthermore, the Pd/MMS-b catalyst possessed good stability and durability.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and Humic substances in the well water of the Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

Since the early 1960s, many investigators have reported that blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking the higher arsenic concentration in well water. However, recent studies indicated that the relationship with blackfoot disease is not only with arsenic but also humic substances. This paper presents some results concerning the characterization (such as fluorescence, elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon distribution) of humic substances isolated from the Fuhsing well water of the blackfoot disease area. For comparison, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances in the normal well water from Chiuying and the Nanwan coastal water were also analyzed. In general, in the well water of the blackfoot disease area, extremely high concentrations of DOC (18.5mg/L) and fulvic acid (7.54mg/L) with high fluorescence intensity (59.1, equivalent to 0.0282uM quinine sulfate solution) and high percentages (over 50%) of low molecular weights of less than 1,000 were obtained compared with those of normal waters. C‐13 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a high content (37.2%) of aromatic carbon. These higher concentrations of DOC and fulvic acid with the higher content of aromatic carbon in well water might be one of the key factors causing the blackfoot disease in Taiwan.     

Determination of chemical characterizations of activated carbons from various raw materials

The objectives of this research were to identify the surface chemical features of activated carbons made of peat, bituminous coal and coconut shell, as well as examine the specific relationship of these properties by using statistical analyses. The results showed that the peat carbons contained much more amounts of Ca, S, P and Mg; however, the bituminous carbons possessed higher contents of Si, Al and Fe. In addition, the content ratios of Al to Si exhibited the Al enrichment phenomenon occurred after the heat treatment. A nonlinear correlation between the pH value and the difference in the amounts of basic and acidic groups was developed. Unfortunately, there were no specific mass ratios found among the acidic functional groups. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) gave a promising confirmation about the EDXRF analysis; moreover, the results of factor analysis (FA) fairly agreed with the findings suggested by CA. Both could explain the specific chemical features of activated carbons made from different materials, especially the CA could differentiate each other in detail.     

Warning signals confer advantage to prey in competition with predators: bumblebees steal nests from insectivorous birds

Aposematic (warning) signals of prey help predators to recognize the defended distasteful or poisonous prey that should be avoided. The evolution of aposematism in the context of predation has been in the center of modern ecology for a long time. But, the possible roles of aposematic signals in other ecological contexts have been largely ignored. Here we address the role of aposematic signals in competition between prey and predators. Bumblebees use visual and auditory aposematic signals to warn predators about their defenses. For 2 years, we observed competition for nestboxes between chemically defended insects, Bombus ardens (and possibly also Bombus ignitus), and cavity nesting birds (Parus minor and Poecile varius). Bumblebees settled in 16 and 9 % of nestboxes (in 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons, respectively) that contained bird nests at the advanced stage of nest building or at the stage of egg laying. Presence of bumblebees prevented the birds from continuing the breeding activities in the nestboxes, while insects took over the birds’ nests (a form of kleptoparasitism). Playback experiments showed that the warning buzz by bumblebees contributed to the success in ousting the birds from their nests. This demonstrates that aposematic signals may be beneficial also in the context of resource competition.     

不同土地利用方式对赤红壤理化性质的综合影响

通过比较不同土地利用方式下赤红壤pH值、粘粒、容重、孔隙度、有机碳、氮磷钾全量及其速效养分含量的差异,并运用主成分分析方法分析各变量的相互关系、土壤综合理化特征及其关键改良因子。研究结果表明：新垦旱地容重最高,粘粒含量和孔隙度最低;有机碳、全量氮磷钾养分和速效氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平（P<0.05）。果园土容重显著低于其他土地利用方式土壤,且全氮、碱解氮和速效磷钾水平均处于较高水平（P<0.05）。桉树林的全钾和速效钾含量显著高于灌木林,而粘粒含量和速效磷含量相对较低（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果显示：新垦旱地、果园和桉树林、灌木林土壤理化综合质量差异显著（P<0.05）,其中新垦旱地当前质量相对较差。有机碳、全氮和速效氮养分缺乏是当前新垦旱地土壤理化质量较差的主要原因。较少的速效磷钾养分含量是当前桉树林地、灌木林土壤质量的限制因素。主成分分析不仅能够区分不同土地利用方式下赤红壤理化质量差异,而且也是探查改良土壤质量因子的有效方法。     

Temporal variability in atmospheric Hg released from natural and anthropogenic sources in central Taiwan

From September 2011 to February 2012, ambient air particulate and particulate-bound mercury [Hg(p)] concentrations were measured, together with dry deposition using a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) analyser, at two characteristic sampling sites in central Taiwan. Results from the sampling site at Westin Park indicated that the lowest particulate dry deposition and lowest average particulate concentrations in total suspended particles (TSP) occurred in September (29.70±7.47 μ g m^?2×min) and February (34.38±13.60 ng m^?3), respectively. Moreover, results from the Gung-Ming junior high school (airport) site, showed that the highest average particulate dry deposition and average highest particulate concentrations in TSP occurred in February (156.76±30.36 μ g m^?2×min) and January (125.49±9.51 ng m^?3), respectively, during the winter. The Dragon Steel Plant and Han-Shian Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation were both nearby. These factors led to the high Hg(p) concentrations at Taichung Airport (TA) compared with Westin Park. Local large suspended particulates from heavy traffic were the main reason for the high average Hg(p) deposition at Westin Park compared with TA in this study.     

强震区小流域泥石流发育特征研究——以四川省绵竹市罗家沟泥石流为例

小流域泥石流因流域面积小,常被人们忽略或未引起足够的重视,却往往造成较大灾害损失;2010年8月13日绵竹市清平乡罗家沟暴发泥石流,一次冲出量约30万m3,而该沟流域面积仅1.4 km2;此次泥石流造成主沟沟口民房被掩埋,1.5 km的道路被毁,3座涵洞、一座小桥被冲毁,并使绵远河改道约200 m左右,直接经济损失约500万.根据现场调查和航空图像解译,分析了泥石流成因,讨论了泥石流形成、运动和堆积过程,并计算了泥石流的力学参数;罗家沟泥石流的实例表明汶川震区小流域泥石流具有较强的隐蔽性和破坏力.因此,在对汶川震区泥石流开展调查和评估工作时,尤其应注意小流域泥石流调查工作,必要时应进行相应的工程治理措施.     

Preliminary survey of pharmaceutical residues in some important Romanian rivers

A number of important rivers of Romania were investigated for pharmaceutical and antifungal residues. In a post target approach analysis, a single-stage, high-resolution mass spectrometry was successfully applied for the screening of 43 pharmaceuticals and fungicides in water, using U-HPLC-Exactive Orbitrap MS at 50,000 full width at half maximum resolution. Detection was based on accurate masses and retention times. The study confirmed the presence of pharmaceuticals and antifungals such as diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, trimethoprim, thiabendazole, and clotrimazole, in water. Diclofenac and carbamazepine were the most frequently detected (eight samples); concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 ng L^?1. Low concentrations of griseofulvin were detected in the Prut River. Further monitoring studies should be carried out in order to fill the gaps of knowledge concerning the presence of pharmaceutical residues in Romanian water environment and to improve public understanding regarding the environmental risk of pharmaceutical contamination.