Design and validation of a passive deposition sampler

A new, passive particle deposition air sampler, called the Einstein-Lioy Deposition Sampler (ELDS), has been developed to fill a gap in passive sampling for near-field particle emissions. The sampler can be configured in several ways: with a protective hood for outdoor sampling, without a protective hood, and as a dust plate. In addition, there is an XRF-ready option that allows for direct sampling onto a filter-mounted XRF cartridge which can be used in conjunction with all configurations. A wind tunnel was designed and constructed to test the performance of different sampler configurations using a test dust with a known particle size distribution. The sampler configurations were also tested versus each other to evaluate whether or not the protective hood would affect the collected particle size distribution. A field study was conducted to test the sampler under actual environmental conditions and to evaluate its ability to collect samples for chemical analysis. Individual experiments for each configuration demonstrated precision of the sampler. The field experiment demonstrated the ability of the sampler to both collect mass and allow for the measurement of an environmental contaminant i.e. Cr(6+). The ELDS was demonstrated to be statistically not different for Hooded and Non-Hooded models, compared to each other and the test dust; thus, it can be used indoors and outdoors in a variety of configurations to suit the user's needs.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在离体人红细胞内的分布和含量研究

邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物(PAEs)在环境中普遍存在,可沿食物链富集,危害人体健康。本文利用荧光光谱法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)探究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在离体人红细胞内的分布情况。结果表明,红细胞在310 nm、490 nm和609nm处各具有一个荧光特征峰,其来源分别为:红细胞内的蛋白;还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和膜脂;锌卟啉和原卟啉。DMP染毒后,310 nm处的荧光峰出现明显下降,其原因为进入红细胞内的DMP与蛋白发生了结合;490 nm和609 nm处的荧光峰变化很小。高效液相色谱(HPLC)实验结果表明,DMP能透过红细胞膜进入细胞内部,其进入量随暴露量增加而增加,进入量和暴露量的比值随暴露量增加而减少。上述研究成果能加深对PAEs在血液运输过程中与红细胞毒性作用的理解,可为PAEs的危险性评估和相关疾病预防提供数据参考。     

Performance and mechanism for cadmium and lead adsorption from water and soil by corn straw biochar

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in water and soil could be adsorbed by biochar produced from corn straw. Biochar pyrolyzed under 400°C for 2 h could reach the ideal removal efficiencies (99.24%and 98.62% for Cd and Pb, respectively) from water with the biochar dosage of 20 g·L^–1 and initial concentration of 20 mg·L^–1. The pH value of 4–7 was the optimal range for adsorption reaction. The adsorption mechanism was discussed on the basis of a range of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman analysis; it was concluded as surface complexation with active sorption sites (-OH, -COO-), coordination with π electrons (C = C, C = O) and precipitation with inorganic anions (OH^-, CO₃ ^2–, SO₄ ^2–) for both Cd and Pb. The sorption isotherms fit Langmuir model better than Freundlich model, and the saturated sorption capacities for Cd and Pb were 38.91 mg·g^-1 and 28.99 mg·g^–1, respectively. When mixed with soil, biochar could effectively increase alkalinity and reduce bioavailability of heavy metals. Thus, biochar derived from corn straw would be a green material for both removal of heavy metals and amelioration of soil.

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Co-contaminant effects on ofloxacin adsorption onto activated carbon,graphite, and humic acid

Given their voluminous application, significant amounts of fluoroquinolones are discharged into the environment through wastewater effluent. Adsorption has been shown to be a critical process controlling the environmental behaviors of fluoroquinolones. Competition between ofloxacin (OFL) and naphthalene (NAP)/bisphenol A (BPA) and their adsorption on activated carbon (AC), graphite (GP), and humic acid (HA) were investigated. The suppressed adsorption of OFL was observed on AC and GP, but not on HA, by NAP or BPA. Moreover, for AC, the competition by NAP was slightly stronger than that by BPA. However, for GP, the competition with BPA was higher than that with NAP. These observations indicate that competitive adsorption of OFL with respect to NAP/BPA depends on the degree of overlap of adsorption sites, as interpreted by the following: (i) AC can provide overlapping adsorption sites for OFL, BPA, and NAP, which include non-specific adsorption sites, such as hydrophobic sites, π-π interactions, and micropore filling; (ii) π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding might be responsible for the strong competitive adsorption between BPA and OFL on GP; and (iii) OFL adsorbs on HA through specific adsorption force—electrostatic attraction, with which NAP and BPA cannot compete.

     

运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英持续暴露大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响

为探索运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)持续暴露大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响,本研究将7周龄雄性SD大鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机分为对照(NC)、运动对照(EC)、染毒1(NT1)、运动染毒1(ET1)、染毒2(NT2)、运动染毒2(ET2)、染毒3(NT3)、运动染毒3(ET3)、染毒4(NT4)及运动染毒4(ET4)共10组。染毒组(NTs、ETs)腹腔注射TCDD(溶于玉米油),对照组及各染毒组首次剂量依次为0、0.4、1.6、6.4、25.6μg·kg~(-1)(以单位体重计),之后每周给予上述剂量的21%作为维持剂量,持续染毒8周;运动组尾部负重5%游泳,每周5 d,每次30 min。实验结束取材,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)含量。结果显示:1)染毒可升高各染毒组大鼠血清AST活性及NT4组大鼠血清ALT活性,增加NT2、NT3组肝脏MDA含量,而降低NT1、NT2组大鼠血清ALT活性;2)运动可升高大鼠血清AST及ALT活性,增加大鼠肝组织GSH-Px活性;3)运动可升高染毒大鼠血清AST活性(T1剂量),降低染毒大鼠血清ALT活性(T1剂量),降低染毒大鼠血清AST活性(T3剂量),升高染毒大鼠血清ALT活性(T3、T4剂量),增加染毒大鼠肝组织SOD活性(T2、T3剂量)、CAT活性(T1、T2、T3剂量)及GSH-Px活性(T2、T3、T4剂量),降低染毒大鼠肝组织MDA含量(T2、T3、T4剂量)及ROS含量(T1、T3剂量)。结果表明,2,3,7,8-TCDD持续暴露8周可引起大鼠肝细胞氧化应激损伤,并产生剂量依赖效应;而有氧运动可增加2,3,7,8-TCDD持续暴露(T2、T3剂量)大鼠肝组织抗氧化酶活性,有效降低氧化应激损伤而减轻肝毒性。     

土壤生态毒性测试方法综述

土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。     

肟菌酯对环境生物急性毒性及安全性评价

本试验通过研究肟菌酯对10种环境生物急性毒性效应,以期评价其对环境生物的毒性风险。结果表明,肟菌酯对日本鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix japonica)的经口毒性7 d-LD50和短期饲喂毒性8 d-LC50分别大于2.00×103mg a.i.·kg-1bw和5.00×103mg a.i.·kg-1饲料,意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)接触与经口毒性48 h-LD50分别为大于100μg a.i.·蜂-1和95.3μg a.i.·蜂-1,家蚕(Bombyx mori)96 h-LC50为1.61×103mg a.i.·L-1,蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)14 d-LC50大于100 mg a.i.·kg-1干土,赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum)24 h-LR50为0.337μg a.i.·cm-2,羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)72 h-EC50为5.80×10-3mg a.i.·L-1,大型溞(Daphnia magna Straus)48 h-EC50为1.72×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)96 h-LC50为5.40×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪96 h-LC50为8.95×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,土壤微生物28 d硝酸盐转化速率差异小于25%。因此,根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》毒性等级划分标准,肟菌酯对鸟、蜜蜂、家蚕、蚯蚓等陆生生物为低毒,对水生生物的绿藻、大型溞、斑马鱼、非洲爪蟾蝌蚪均为高毒或剧毒,而对天敌赤眼蜂属高风险,故在田间使用过程中应采取措施降低其对水生生物以及天敌昆虫赤眼蜂急性毒性风险,以免造成危害。     

TG-DSC and FTIR study on pyrolysis of irradiation cross-linked polyethylene

Irradiation cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and irradiation cross-linked polyethylene with carbon black filler (CB-PEX) are two types of scraps, generated in electric cable production. Their pyrolysis is studied in this work using instrumental TG\DSC\FTIR techniques and kinetic analysis. The experiments are performed at a constant heating rate of 10 °C/min in nitrogen flow at atmospheric pressure. It is found that the main pyrolysis stage is in the temperature range of 395–503 °C for PEX, and in range of 408–515 °C for CB-PEX. In the main pyrolysis stage, CB-PEX requires more external heat than PEX does. Olefins are the major products of pyrolysis for both materials, but they are quite different in their composition and molecular weight distribution. PEX can be converted almost quantitatively into volatile compounds. CB-PEX has a stronger coking tendency, as well as a larger residue composed of carbon black.     

页岩气开发中应关注的环境问题

我国页岩气开发处于探索阶段,具有资源赋存情况不清楚、水平井及分段压裂等关键技术有待突破、页岩气富集区地形条件复杂、地面建设条件较差、资源管理机制不完善等特点。对于页岩气开发这一新兴产业,在开发过程中需要关注生态影响、水资源消耗及环境风险等环境问题,并应尽快开展相关工作的研究,制定评价标准、导则、污染防治技术政策等相关文件,以规范页岩气开发的环保工作。     

Decolorization of palm oil mill effluent using growing cultures of Curvularia clavata

Agricultural wastewater that produces color are of environmental and health concern as colored effluent can produce toxic and carcinogenic by-products. From this study, batch culture optimization using response surface methods indicated that the fungus isolated from the pineapple solid waste, Curvularia clavata was able to decolorize sterile palm oil mill effluent (POME) which is mainly associated with polyphenol and lignin. Results showed successful decolorization of POME up to 80 % (initial ADMI [American Dye Manufacturing Index] of 3,793) with 54 % contributed by biosorption and 46 % by biodegradation after 5 days of treatment. Analysis using HPLC and GC-MS showed the degradation of color causing compound such as 3-methoxyphenyl isothiocynate and the production of new metabolites. Ecotoxicity test indicated that the decolorized effluent is safe for discharge. To determine the longevity of the fungus for a prolonged decolorization period, sequential batch decolorization studies were carried out. The results showed that lignin peroxidase and laccase were the main ligninolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of color. Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and xylanase activities were also detected suggesting possible roles of the enzymes in promoting growth of the fungus which consequently contributed to improved decolorization of POME. In conclusion, the ability of C. clavata in treating color of POME indicated that C. clavata is of potential use for decolorization and degradation of agricultural wastewater containing polyphenolic compounds.