Comments on selecting a geographic information system for environmental management

Many organizations in environmental fields stand to benefit from the use of a geographic information system (GIS). Selecting a GIS to implement within an organization can be a difficult task that is often required of people with little experience using a GIS. A framework for evaluating competing GIS considers cost, functionality, ease of use, future stability, development potential, support availability, and maintenance costs. Initial cost involves more than the actual purchase price of hardware and software; it includes the cost of building the data base and training users within the organization. Functionality refers to the depth and breadth of capabilities of a GIS. Issues involved in evaluating functionality include the appropriateness of raster vs vector processing and the ability to add your own software. Ease of use is important, but there is generally a trade-off with functionality. The degree of centralization of use of the GIS within the organization affects requirements for ease of use. GIS are rapidly evolving, and as a result it is important to select a system with high potential for future development. With the proliferation of companies offering GIS it is important to select one that is likely to survive and prosper. Similarly, the ability to find support in the forms of technical help, advice, and possibly even skilled employees can be significant.     

MAXIMIZING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION FOR GROUND WATER PROTECTION: THREE TEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: Public awareness of the importance of protecting the nation's water supplies is growing. Recent studies have shown a substantial increase in the perceived value of protecting water supplies for future use. In the Northeast, much of the water supply comes from ground water. This paper examines three test cases, each with different approaches for using geographic information systems (GIS) for ground water protection planning. In Wellfleet, Massachusetts, build-out scenarios were used to support regulatory and land acquisition decisions for siting a public water supply well. In Hadley, Massachusetts, the focus was on a decision support model for septic suitability assessment in support of regulatory efforts and infrastructure expansion. For Cortland County, New York, an interactive graphic user interface was created to facilitate the manipulation and recombination of a large volume of data by county officials to target ground water pollution prevention efforts. As personal computers become more powerful and inexpensive, and GIS data become more readily available, community and county governments are turning to GIS as a tool for developing comprehensive resource protection plans. Once appropriate data are input, a GIS can effectively and efficiently be used to derive outcomes of various land use plans and regulations.     

东北石油局HSE管理体系运行现状及推进措施

介绍了中国石化东北石油局HSE管理体系的运行现状,找出体系运行过程中存在的问题,提出推进措施,以达到完善HSE管理体系的目的。     

基于遥感技术的松辽平原盐渍化动态研究

运用.RS、GIS手段,以航天遥感MSS/TM/ETM为主要信息源,运用参数构造法、空间叠加分析法和网格等值线追踪法.对松辽平原盐渍化进行多时相遥感动态监测.研究结果表明.近30年来松辽平原盐渍化面积持续增加.强度持续增强.盐渍化面积变化总动态度为-1.03%,其中,1975-1989年为-1.67%,1989-2003年为-0.31%.盐渍化强度中心位于大安与乾安之间,1975-1989年,强度中心向北东方向移动22.81 km;1989-2003年,强度中心向西南方向移动16.50 km.松辽平原盐渍化是自然因素和不合理人类活动共同作用造成的.     

大辽河表层水中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及环境健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测了大辽河表层水中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)有机污染物的浓度水平,分析其分布特征,并对PAEs类有机污染物的环境健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,大辽河表层水中共检出4种PAEs,其质量浓度范围为n.d.#0.754μg·L~(-1)。4种PAEs类中质量浓度平均值最高的为邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DIOP)(0.36μg·L~(-1)),最低的为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)(0.01μg·L~(-1))。4种PAEs浓度贡献大小依次为:邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DIOP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)。DBP浓度基本符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)。与国内其他水域相比,大辽河表层水中PAEs的污染程度处于较低水平。DMP和DEP的最高值均出现在营口市区最主要的工业和生活污水排污口之一——纱厂潮沟采样点,DBP和DIOP的最高值则分别出现在牛庄大桥和港监潮沟采样点。总PAEs类有机污染物分布趋势为:在工业分布较多的区域及主城区附近水域PAEs浓度较高,大辽河上游区域PAEs浓度相对较低。利用US EPA健康风险评估模型粗略估算,大辽河表层水中PAEs类污染物的非致癌风险指数值低于1。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中细菌群落演替规律

应用PCR-DGGE技术研究生活垃圾堆肥过程中的细菌群落演替规律,对堆肥不同时期的宏基因组DNA进行提取,扩增16S rDNA的V3区,分析生活垃圾堆肥过程中细菌群落的变化. DGGE图谱表明,随着堆体温度的升高,DNA条带表现出了明显的动态变化,降温期出现了新的优势条带并趋于稳定,说明堆肥不同时期的细菌群落发生了更替. 对条带分布进行聚类分析,结果表明:以55 ℃为界,将14个堆肥样品划分为2个族,族间的相似性仅为13%,说明堆肥过程中常温期(<55 ℃)和高温期(>55 ℃)微生物群落结构差别较大. 对优势条带回收测序的结果表明:在升温期,堆肥堆体中检测到H. obtusa和人类排泄物中的细菌;但随着温度的升高,具有纤维素降解功能的嗜热微生物Clostridium thermocellum成为堆肥高温期的优势细菌;当堆体温度小于55 ℃时出现了大量的未培养微生物.      

烧结机尾及整粒除尘系统除尘器“电改袋”

叙述某烧结厂3套烧结机尾及整粒除尘系统的电除尘器改造为长袋低压脉冲除尘器的设计及工程实例。介绍原电除尘器存在的缺陷、“电改袋”具体措施、主要设备选型以及除尘系统运行数据测试结果等方面的问题。除尘系统可靠运行已2年,各项技术指标始终保持优良状态。     

Assesment of disinfection by‐products removal by ozonation coupled with adsorption

This research work was performed to evaluate ozonation and granular activated carbon adsorption processes from the view‐point of controlling the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). Both the humic acid and raw water were first preozonated and then adsorbed on the activated carbon to assess the potency for removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and DBPs. The disinfection by‐product including THMs and HAAs, in principle, can be successfully removed through a use of the ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption processes. However, in practice dealing with the raw water, it is necessary to introduce the pilot‐plant to obtain the design and operation guidelines for the water treatment plant through the ICA (Instrumentation Control and Automation) program in our future research work.     

Light‐induced changes in rabbit pineal gland n‐acetyltransferase activity

N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was determined in different ages of New Zealand White rabbit pineal gland using 2‐aminofluorene and p‐aminobenzoic acid as substrates and it was assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Rabbits of different ages were either sacrificed during the light phase, exposed to darkness or light for 1 min during the dark phase of the lighting cycle, returned to their cages in darkness for 30 min and then sacrificed. Pineal gland NAT activity in animal nocturnally exposed to 1 min of light was inhibited in animals 1 ‐day‐old of age. Nocturnal light exposure did not inhibit enzyme activity in 1‐day‐old rabbit, even though these animal displayed clear light : dark differences in pineal gland NAT activity. Nocturnal light exposure also did not inhibit night time levels of NAT activity in 1‐day‐old animals who had been bilaterally enucleated. The result suggested that this effect is retinally mediated. Pre‐treatment of 1‐day‐old and 60‐day‐old animals with the isoproterenol (beta‐noradrenoreceptor agonist drug), prevented the nocturnal light‐induced inhibition of NAT activity. The different sensitivity of 60‐day‐old and 1‐day‐old animals to different illuminances or durations of nocturnal light exposure, was that the duration or intensity of light exposure was enable to inhibit nocturnal NAT activity. The NAT activity was at least 3.2‐ to 4.6‐fold greater in 1‐day‐old rabbits compared to 60‐day‐old rabbits. Kinetic constants for arylamine NAT activity in pineal gland from rabbits were determined. K_m and F_max values for 2‐aminofluorene were 2.6‐fold higher for light exposure than for no light exposure rabbits. This is the first demonstration of the retina‐pineal gland pathway appears light‐induced changes in pineal glands of animals in 1‐day‐old of ages or older; but this pathway does not function in 60‐day‐old rabbits like manner in 1‐day‐old rabbits.     

Kinetics of acetyl CoA: Arylamine N‐acetyltransferase from rapid and slow acetylator fish tissues

N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was determined in 100 fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) livers using 2‐aminofluorene and p‐aminobenzoic acid as substrates. Overall, the liver NAT activity of the 50 females was higher than the liver NAT activity of the 50 males. The activities (mean ± SD) of NAT from kidney, blood, intestine, and liver of males was 0.42 ± 0.11, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.12 ± 0.08, and 1.56 ± 0.54 nmol/min/mg protein for the acetylation of 2‐aminofluorene and 0.36 ± 0.09, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.04, and 0.46 ± 0.15 nmol/min/mg protein for the acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid. In kidney, blood, intestine, and liver from female fish, the activities obtained were 1.60 ± 0.12, 0.35 ± 0.07, 0.15 ± 0.09, and 1.89 ± 0.50 nmol/min/mg protein for 2‐aminofluorene and 0.95 ± 0.11, 0.27 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.09, and 0.57 ± 0.12nmol/min/mg protein for p‐aminobenzoic acid. Kinetic constants for arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in kidney, blood, intestine, and liver from fish with rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator activity were determined. Apparent K _m and V _max values for 2‐aminofluorene were 5.5 and 7‐fold higher for liver than for the other tissues. Apparent K _m and V _max values for p‐aminobenzoic acid were 3.5 and 4.7‐fold higher for liver than for the other tissues. Based on the 2‐aminofluorene NAT activity of liver, there appears to be a polymorphism in NAT activity with 16 rapid, 28 intermediate, and 56 slow acetylators among the 100 fish assayed. This is the first demonstration of acetyl CoA: arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in fresh water fish and could lead to the development of a fish model for monitoring the effect of pollution of water environments on native species.