味精浓废水生物处理优化工艺

本文阐述两相厌氧消化法与缺氧—厌氧消化法处理味精浓废水的比较试验.进水为6×10~4mg/L～8×10~4mg/L时,两相厌氧消化法COD去除率为78%,产气率为0.15m~3/kgCOD,CH_4含量为50%.缺氧—厌氧消化法COD去除率为82.2%,产气率为0.23m~3/kgCOD,CH.含量达65%.两种方法均可使出水pH值由3.2上升至7.0以上.氯离子和氨氮的去除不明显.综合上述结果与运行管理的稳定程度均是缺氧——厌氧消化法优于两相厌氧消化法.     

Analysis of chromium and copper by cathodic stripping voltammetry with mixed ligands

Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods for ultratrace analysis. The detection limit is usually lower than 10⁻⁹ mol/L. Most adsorptive stripping procedures have been focused on the one ligand/one analyte approach. In order to reduce analysis time and sample volume, the possibility of simultaneously determining several metals by cathodic stripping voltammetry using a mixture of ligands was explored, e.g., by Colombo and van den Berg (1997). Here, we describe a new procedure for quantifying chromium and copper using 2,2′-bipyridine and 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). The effect of various operational parameters such as buffer type, ligand concentration, potential and time collection were assessed and optimized. Possible interferences by trace metals and organic matter were also investigated. Applicability for fresh water is illustrated. Electronic Publication     

Lethal critical body residues as measures of Cd,Pb, and Zn bioavailability and toxicity in the earthworm<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis>

Background

Earthworm heavy metal concentrations (critical body residues, CBRs) may be the most relevant measures of heavy metal bioavailability in soils and may be linkable to toxic effects in order to better assess soil ecotoxicity. However, as earthworms possess physiological mechanisms to secrete and/or sequester absorbed metals as toxicologically inactive forms, total earthworm metal concentrations may not relate well with toxicity.

Objective

The objectives of this research were to: i) develop LD₅₀s (total earthworm metal concentration associated with 50% mortality) for Cd, Pb, and Zn; ii) evaluate the LD₅₀ for Zn in a lethal Zn-smelter soil; iii) evaluate the lethal mixture toxicity of Cd, Pb, and Zn using earthworm metal concentrations and the toxic unit (TU) approach; and iv) evaluate total and fractionated earthworm concentrations as indicators of sublethal exposure.

Methods

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida (Savigny)) were exposed to artificial soils spiked with Cd, Pb, Zn, and a Cd?Pb?Zn equitoxic mixture to estimate lethal CBRs and mixture toxicity. To evaluate the CBR developed for Zn, earthworms were also exposed to Zn-contaminated field soils receiving three different remediation treatments. Earthworm metal concentrations were measured using a procedure devised to isolate toxicologically active metal burdens via separation into cytosolic and pellet fractions.

Results and Discussion

Lethal CBRs inducing 50% mortality (LD₅₀, 95% CI) were calculated to be 5.72 (3.54–7.91), 3.33 (2.97–3.69), and 8.19 (4.78–11.6) mmol/kg for Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Zn concentrations of dead earthworms exposed to a lethal remediated Zn-smelter soil were 3-fold above the LD₅₀ for Zn and comparable to earthworm concentrations in lethal Zn-spiked artificial soils, despite a 14-fold difference in total soil Zn concentration between lethal field and artificial soils. An evaluation of the acute mixture toxicity of Cd, Pb, and Zn in artificial soils using the Toxic Unit (TU) approach revealed an LD₅₀ (95% CI) of 0.99 (0.57–1.41) TU, indicating additive toxicity.

Conclusions

Total Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in earthworms were good indicators of lethal metal exposure, and enabled the calculation of LD₅₀s for lethality. The Zn-LD₅₀ developed in artificial soil was applicable to earthworms exposed to remediated Zn-smelter soil, despite a 14-fold difference in total soil Zn concentrations. Mixture toxicity evaluated using LD₅₀s from each single metal test indicated additive mixture toxicity among Cd, Pb, and Zn. Fractionation of earthworm tissues into cytosolic and pellet digesis yielded mixed results for detecting differences in exposure at the sublethal level.

Recommendation and Outlook

CBRs are useful in describing acute Cd, Pb, and Zn toxicity in earthworms, but linking sublethal exposure to total and/or fractionated residues may be more difficult. More research on detoxification, regulation, and tissue and subcellular partitioning of heavy metals in earthworms and other invertebrates is needed to establish the link between body residue and sublethal exposure and toxicity.

     

碳源与底物对不同层次土壤产生N2O能力的影响

底层土壤的反硝化作用是土壤排放N_2O的重要来源,同时也是影响浅层地下水硝酸盐含量的重要因素.通过一系列室内培养试验.研究了一种农用土壤不同土层在碳源和NO_3含量不同情况下产生N_2O的能力。结果表明,试验用土壤的不同土层均具有进行反硝化作用产生N_2O的能力.底层土壤产生N_2O的能力大于根区土壤:单独添加葡萄糖、NO_3或同时添加葡萄糖和NO_3.对土壤N_2O和CO_2释放的影响与土壤层次和观测时间有关;向土壤添加葡萄糖和NO_3,各个土层释放N_2O的能力均显著提高;从产生N_2O和CO_2能力的角度而言,不同层次土壤的微生物区系间存在较大差异。采用短期(24h之内)饱和泥浆好气培养法,可以区分土壤微生物区系在产生N_2O方面的差异。     

几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果

采用6种萃取剂:pH=7的0.01mol/L CaCl_2、pH=7.3的0.005mol/L DTPA+0.1mol/L TEA(三乙醇胺)+0.01mol/L CaCl_2O.1mol/L NaNO_3、0.43mol/L HOAc、pH=7的0.05mol/L EDTA和pH=4.65的0.5mol/L NH_4OAc+0.02mol/L EDTA浸取液.对污染土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、的进行了萃取,并比较了萃取剂的萃取能力。实验结果表明,HOAc、EDTA以及NH_4OAc-EDTA萃取各种重金属的能力远远大于其它几种萃取剂的萃取能力,是比较理想的萃取剂。     

Lipid composition of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Symphodus ocellatus</Emphasis> (Perciforme: Labridae) in the north-western Mediterranean: influence of two different biotopes

The lipid content and fatty acid composition of the small common wrasse Symphodus ocellatus was analysed within two populations located in very different biotopes on the French shore: a Caulerpa taxifolia meadow located in Cap Martin and a Posidonia oceanica bed located in Villefranche. Polar lipids represented 82–90% of the total lipid in adult female livers, gonads and in eggs. Cholesterol in gonads and eggs and triacylglycerols in livers were the dominant neutral lipids. Differences in lipid classes were found in livers between the two populations, but not in their gonads and eggs. Moreover, a quantitative difference in total lipid content was evident. Young fish living on the C. taxifolia meadow in winter had 21% less lipid than those living on the P. oceanica bed. The populations of S. ocellatus showed differences between triacylglycerol versus phospholipid fatty acid compositions and between gonad versus liver fatty acid compositions. Moreover, a significant difference was found between both populations in their liver triacylglycerol fatty acid compositions, suggesting a difference in diet. Gut content analysis supported this hypothesis as it showed important differences in the ingested preys between the two populations in January (planktonic vs. benthic, frequency of isopods) and in June (frequency of gastropods). Thus, we found that the fish populations from Villefranche and Cap Martin showed significant differences in body lipids due to different nutritional habits.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Octopus vulgaris</Emphasis> (Cephalopoda) in relation to body mass and temperature

The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, is of great scientific and commercial importance and its culture is becoming an area of increasing interest. In this study, the combined effects of temperature (T) and body mass (M) on the routine oxygen consumption rate (R) and ammonia excretion rate (U) in O. vulgaris were quantified. The experiments were conducted in a closed seawater system, and great care was taken to reduce handling stress of the animals. Temperature, salinity, pH and ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate concentrations were monitored and controlled during the experiment. The following predictive equations were evaluated: at temperatures between 13°C and 28°C and at temperatures between 15.5°C and 26°C (T_a is degrees Kelvin and M in gram). O/N ratios showed that O. vulgaris has a protein-dominated metabolism. No significant relationship between the O/N ratio and body mass or temperature was found. Sex had no significant effect on the oxygen consumption rate or on the ammonia excretion rate. For other octopod species, the dependence of metabolic rate on temperature does not differ with that for O. vulgaris.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Long-term changes in reproductive patterns of the holothurian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Oneirophanta mutabilis</Emphasis> from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain

Time-series studies (1989–2002) in the NE Atlantic have shown large-scale changes in the composition and structure of the benthic community on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Radical changes in the abundance of some species in 1996 led to a significant shift in the way in which organic matter was reprocessed at the seabed. This article examines the reproductive processes of the holothurian Oneirophanta mutabilis collected during the time series. The reproductive biology of O. mutabilis is reviewed. No males were evident in any of the samples. The sex ratio (females: no gender) was biased significantly towards no-gender individuals. The maximum egg size was 650 m and there was no evidence of synchrony in reproduction. Significant changes in the oocyte-size distribution and the fecundity of O. mutabilis were noted through time, coinciding with the time of greatest faunal change in the benthic community. There was an increase in the proportion of previtellogenic oocytes and a decrease in the proportion of mature vitellogenic oocytes in 1997 and 1998, in parallel with a significant decrease in fecundity of the post-1996 samples. Samples from 2002 showed a reversal in the reproductive trends, with an increase in the proportion of mature vitellogenic oocytes and fecundity. The results are discussed in relation to large changes in abundance of the epibenthos on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. It is suggested that the superabundance of certain megafaunal species on the abyssal seafloor affected the availability of trophic resources for O. mutabilis, leading to the changes in its reproductive effort.     

土壤遥感分类识别专家系统的结构设计

介绍了土壤遥感分类识别专家系统的设计原理与实现方法，阐述了土壤遥感分类识别专家系统的土壤分类决策判断树的构造原理，讨论了土壤遥感分类识别专家知识表示的基本原则和系统知识库中专家知识的组织方式，以及专家系统推理机的设计原理和推理规则的构建方法。系统采用压缩编码方式存储地学专题图形和遥感图像数据，具有数据与图像的存储更新、查询检索、分析处理、特征提取和信息输出等功能。该系统可以对遥感图像进行土壤类型的分类识别，并对分类精度进行监测与评价。用该系统对新疆天山北麓阜康试验区的土壤分类识别进行了试验研究，并对试验结果进行了讨论与评价。     

蔬菜对硒的吸收及适宜补硒食用量

以小白菜、番茄和萝卜为研究对象，通过施用外源硒，研究了不同蔬菜对硒的吸收特性。结果表明，施硒均明显提高了蔬菜可食部分的含硒量，且含硒量随施硒量的增加而增加；随生长时间的增加，小白菜的含硒量逐渐增加，而萝卜的含硒量逐渐降低。随着采收时间延后，番茄的含硒量逐渐降低；为保证合理补硒，确定了本试验所生产富硒蔬菜的适宜食用量。