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201.
Tsuji M Vogel CF Koriyama C Akiba S Katoh T Kawamoto T Matsumura F 《Chemosphere》2012,87(11):1228-1234
Background
One of the suggested health outcomes of PCB exposure is childhood asthma.Objectives
This study was conducted to find health relevant biomarkers providing the molecular epidemiological evidence for the positive relationship between exposure to PCBs and childhood asthma.Methods
Blood samples from fifteen asthmatic children as well as an equal number of non-asthmatic children (average 2 year old) were collected, and were analyzed for PCBs and their select marker expression by using qRT-PCR.Results
Among biomarkers examined IL-8 expression was significantly correlated to serum levels of PCB #163 + 164 (P = 0.022), #170 (P = 0.046), #177 (P = 0.022), #178 (P = 0.022) and #180 + 193 (P = 0.046) in a dose-dependent manner, which was found only among asthmatic children. In contrast, COX-2 correlations to individual congener levels were recognized only among control subjects, not among asthmatic subjects.Conclusion
Serum concentrations of PCB#163 + 164, #170, #177, #178 and #180 + 193 correlate significantly with IL-8 mRNA expressions among asthmatic children. 相似文献202.
Adaptivity of wayfinding strategies in a multi-building ensemble: The effects of spatial structure, task requirements, and metric information 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christoph Hlscher Simon J. Büchner Tobias Meilinger Gerhard Strube 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009,29(2):208-219
This study investigates the adaptivity of wayfinding strategies in a real-world setting of a multi-building ensemble. Familiarity with the environment, map usage and verbal vs. visual task instructions were systematically varied. Measures included path choices, wayfinding performance and information usage. Thirty-two participants had to find eight goals in a multi-level building ensemble consisting of two distinctive building parts. It was tested whether the standard wall-mounted floor maps found in the majority of public buildings can help navigation in a complex unknown environment. Unfamiliar users tried to make use of these plans more frequently, but were not able to compensate for spatial knowledge deficits compared to participants familiar with the setting. Two strategies of multi-level wayfinding were compared with respect to a region-based hierarchical planning approach. Strategy selection could be shown to be highly adaptive to spatial properties of the environment as well as characteristics of the task instruction, i.e., spatial precision of target information. Overall, the strategy of moving horizontally into the target building prior to vertical travel was shown to be more effective in this multi-building setting. 相似文献
203.
Daniela Wenger Andreas C. Gerecke Norbert V. Heeb Christoph Hueglin Cornelia Seiler Regula Haag Hanspeter Naegeli Renato Zenobi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(22-23):3556-3562
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is an air-suspended mixture of solid and liquid particles that vary in size, shape, and chemical composition. Long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of fine atmospheric particles is considered to pose a health threat to humans and animals. In this context, it has been hypothesized that toxic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role. Some PAHs are known to be carcinogenic and it has been shown that carcinogenic effects of PAHs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this study, PM1 was collected at a rural and an urban traffic site during an intense winter smog period, in which concentration of PM1 often exceeded 50 μg m?3. We applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify PM1-associated chemicals that induce AhR-mediated gene expression. This activity was expressed as CALUX equivalents of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (PM-TCDD-CEQs). In addition, concentrations of PAHs in the PM1 extracts were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs ranged from 10 to 85 pg m?3 and from 19 to 87 pg m?3 at the urban and rural site, respectively. By the use of known relative potency factors, the measured concentration of a PAH was converted into a PAH-TCDD-CEQ concentration. ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ and PM-TCDD-CEQ were highly correlated at both sites (r2 = 0.90 and 0.69). The calculated ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQs explain between 2% and 20% of the measured PM-TCDD-CEQs. Benzo[k]fluoranthene was the most important PAH causing approximately 60% of the total ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ activity. In contrast to NO, CO, PM10, and PM1, the concentration of PM-TCDD-CEQs showed no significant difference between the two sites. No indications were found that road traffic emissions caused elevated concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs at the urban traffic site. 相似文献
204.
We present a user-friendly tool for footprint calculations of flux measurements in the surface layer. The calculations are based on the analytical footprint model by Kormann, R. and Meixner, F.X. [2001. An analytical footprint model for Non-neutral Stratification. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 99, 207-224]. The footprint density function of a flux sensor is determined using readily available data from standard eddy covariance measurements. This footprint density function is integrated over defined surface areas given as quadrangular polygons representing e.g. agricultural fields. We illustrate the use and performance of the tool by applying it to CO2 flux measurements with three eddy covariance system at the Swiss CarboEurope grassland site. Two flux towers were positioned in the centre of two neighbouring fields, respectively, that showed a very different CO2 flux during the study period. The third tower was located near the border of the two fields and was frequently influenced by both fields to a similar degree. The calculated footprint fractions were used to simulate the latter flux from the other two systems. The measured and simulated fluxes showed a good agreement and thus support the reliability of the footprint calculation. The presented simple footprint tool can be used as a routine quality check for flux monitoring stations influenced by surface areas with varying vegetation covers and/or land-use. 相似文献
205.
Klaus-Dietrich Sturm und Christoph Ewen 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2008,20(3):161-170
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund, Ziel und Themenbereich Um die Auswirkungen des gesellschaftlichen Wandels unter dem Kriterium der Nachhaltigkeit beurteilen zu k?nnen werden demographische,
soziale und kulturelle Entwicklungen in den Blick genommen. Am Beispiel der Handlungsfelder ‚Bauen und Wohnen‘, ‚Infrastruktursysteme‘,
‚Verkehr und Mobilit?t‘ werden absehbare Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, und Handlungsspielr?ume und Instrumente für eine nachhaltige
Gestaltung des gesellschaftlichen Wandels beschrieben.
Schwerpunkte Demographischer Wandel, Sozio-kultureller Wandel, Auspr?gung des gesellschaftlichen Wandels in Schleswig-Holstein, Handlungsfelder
‚Bauen und Wohnen‘, ‚Infrastruktursysteme‘, ‚Mobilit?t und Verkehr‘, Umweltauswirkungen des gesellschaftlichen Wandels.
Ergebnisse Weniger die absolute Zahl als vielmehr das von vielerlei Einflüssen gepr?gte Konsumverhalten der Menschen stellt unter Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten
ein wichtiges Kriterium das. Ein wesentliches Kennzeichen des Wandels von der industriellen zur postindustriellen Gesellschaft
ist eine Pluralisierung der Lebensstile und der damit verbundenen Konsummuster in nachhaltigkeitsrelevanten Handlungsfeldern.
Diskussion Eine Vielzahl von Techniken steht zur Reduzierung des Umweltverbrauchs zur Verfügung. Dazu z?hlen z. B. w?rmeged?mmte H?user
sowie strom- und wassersparende Haushaltsger?te, und verbrauchsarme Fahrzeuge mit geregeltem Katalysator. Ob diese Techniken
eingesetzt werden, h?ngt dabei weniger von technischen als von kulturellen, politischen und ?konomischen Weichenstellungen
ab.
Schlussfolgerungen Der gesellschaftliche Wandel wird, wenn nicht gegengesteuert wird, massive Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben. Anders als
man auf den ersten Blick vermuten k?nnte, wird es keine ‚Demographie-Rendite‘ geben. Auch die Nachhaltigkeitsbilanz der Postmaterialisten
kann kaum positiver bewertet werden, als die der eher materiell eingestellten Menschen.
Empfehlungen und Perspektiven Die Politik sollte die mit dem gesellschaftlichen Wandel verbundenen Probleme thematisieren, ihre Auswirkungen analysieren
und zusammen mit den Akteuren einen umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Dialog- und Verst?ndigungsprozess initiieren. Dabei ist
mit schnellen L?sungen nicht zu rechnen, denn die Komplexit?t der Thematik, die unterschiedlichen Interessenlagen und die
Vielzahl der zu regelnden Sachverhalte erfordern einen langen Atem und Zeitr?ume, die über eine Legislaturperiode hinausgehen.
相似文献
206.
Charlotte Pfeiffer Christoph Emmerling Dietmar Schröder Jürgen Niemeyer 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(3):147-153
The influence of four synthetic chemicals (nonylphenol, ethynyl-estradiol, ivermectin, monesin) on the biomass and on the microbial activity was studied in a laboratory experiment using a typical luvisol derived from loess. The polyether antibiotic monensin, the antiparasitic agent ivermectin and the two environmental chemicals with endocrine effects nonylphenol and ethynylestradiol were chosen because of their toxicity to different organisms and known biological activity. These agents may enter the soil together with sewage sludge or manure. To date, however, the effects on soil have hardly been studied. Selected microbial methods revealed in part very significant effects on the microbial biomass and microbial activity during constant physical (15°C, 50% water holding capicity) and chemical conditions (pH, Corg) 1, 14 and 42 days after contamination. 相似文献
207.
208.
Modelling of geochemical and isotopic changes in a column experiment for degradation of TCE by zero-valent iron 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) permeable-reactive barriers have become an increasingly used remediation option for the in situ removal of various organic and inorganic chemicals from contaminated groundwater. In the present study a process-based numerical model for the transport and reactions of chlorinated hydrocarbon in the presence of ZVI has been developed and applied to analyse a comprehensive data set from laboratory-scale flow-through experiments. The model formulation includes a reaction network for the individual sequential and/or parallel transformation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by ZVI, for the resulting geochemical changes such as mineral precipitation, and for the carbon isotope fractionation that occurs during each of the transformation reactions of the organic compounds. The isotopic fractionation was modelled by formulating separate reaction networks for lighter ((12)C) and heavier ((13)C) isotopes. The simulation of a column experiment involving the parallel degradation of TCE by hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination can conclusively reproduce the observed concentration profiles of all collected organic and inorganic data as well as the observed carbon isotope ratios of TCE and its daughter products. 相似文献
209.
The present paper analyses and compares how federalism in Austria and Switzerland affected climate change mitigation in the fully decentralized building sectors of the two countries during the Kyoto Period (1990–2012). This is of interest because the environmental significance of federal political systems is still contested. We first review the literature on federalism in the context of environmental and climate policymaking, and we show that the effects of federal political systems can be positive or negative (depending on interactions between politics and problem characteristics). We then summarize the two qualitative country studies. By analysing who initiated and coordinated respective policies at what time and why, we show that respective policy changes neither emerged bottom-up nor diffused between provinces/cantons, although the latter are fully responsible for building policies. While most policy changes were triggered by federal and/or European Union interventions, the provinces/cantons usually delayed and/or watered down policy changes to smallest common denominator solutions. Based on these findings we conclude that the building sectors of the two countries became more efficient despite, not because of federalism. Against this background we recommend centralizing building policies, or to engage sub-national actors in national target-setting early on. 相似文献
210.
Pouliaris Christos Foglia Laura Schth Christoph Kallioras Andreas 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(1):171-186
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - The identification of the hydrological processes taking place at coastal systems and the interaction between aquifers and the sea have been key features... 相似文献