Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50% as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.     

Performance, microbial community and inhibition kinetics of long-term Cu2+ stress on an air-lift nitritation reactor with self-recirculation

Biological nitrogen removal process could be affected due to the presence of heavy metals owing to their toxicity and accumulation in the sludge.In this study,the impact of Cu~(2+)shock on a long-term nitritation operation was investigated in an air-lift reactor with selfrecirculation.Both the dynamics of microbial community and inhibition kinetics under Cu~(2+) stress were ascertained.The results showed that Cu~(2+) exerted severe inhibition on nitritation performance of an air-lift reactor(ALR) at 25 mg/L.The corresponding NH_4~+-N removal efficiency decreased to below 50%,which was mainly due to the variation of microbial community structure,especially the inhibition of nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas(the relative abundance decreased from 30% to 1% after Cu~(2+)inhibition).Kinetic parameters were obtained and compared after fitting the Haldane model.The long-term Cu~(2+) stress on the ALR aggravated the ammonium affinity and the resistance to substrate self-inhibition of the nitritation sludge,but reduced the resistance to Cu~(2+) inhibition.Furthermore,Cu~(2+)acted as uncompetitive inhibitor on nitritation process.Our results provide new insights into the nitritation characteristics under long-term Cu~(2+) stress.     

Degradation of kanamycin from production wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices by hydrothermal treatment

It is known that many kinds of fermentative antibiotics can be removed by temperature-enhanced hydrolysis from production wastewater based on their easy-to-hydrolyze characteristics. However, a few aminoglycosides are hard to hydrolyze below 100°C because of their stability expressed by high molecular energy gap (ΔE). Herein, removal of hard-to-hydrolyze kanamycin residue from production wastewater by hydrothermal treatment at subcritical temperatures was investigated. The results showed the reaction temperature had a significant impact on kanamycin degradation. The degradation half-life (t_1/2) was shortened by 87.17-fold when the hydrothermal treatment temperature was increased from 100°C to 180°C. The t_1/2 of kanamycin in the N₂ process was extended by 1.08-1.34-fold compared to that of the corresponding air process at reaction temperatures of 140-180°C, indicating that the reactions during hydrothermal treatment process mainly include oxidation and hydrolysis. However, the contribution of hydrolysis was calculated as 75%-98%, which showed hydrolysis played a major role during the process, providing possibilities for the removal of kanamycin from production wastewaters with high-concentration organic matrices. Five transformation products with lower antibacterial activity than kanamycin were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. More importantly, hydrothermal treatment could remove 97.9% of antibacterial activity (kanamycin EQ, 1,109 mg/L) from actual production wastewater with COD_Cr around 100,000 mg/L. Furthermore, the methane production yield in anaerobic inhibition tests could be increased about 2.3 times by adopting the hydrothermal pretreatment. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrothermal treatment as a pretreatment technology is an efficient method for removing high-concentration hard-to-hydrolyze antibiotic residues from wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices.     

改性活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效能与机制

为提高活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效率,分别采用混合酸溶液,氨水,KMnO₄溶液和表面活性剂溶液对活性炭进行改性.采用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和Boehm滴定法对改性后活性炭表面化学性质及孔隙特征的变化进行评价.通过静态吸附实验确定活性炭的最佳改性方法,并对改性后活性炭吸附机理进行探讨.实验结果表明,KMnO₄改性活性炭（AC-K）表现出最佳的污染物吸附性能,其对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、阿特拉津（Atrazine）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）的去除率分别可达到94.5%、93.8%和95.5%,且吸附过程符合二级动力学方程和D-R模型.由模型计算结果可知,AC-K对目标污染物的吸附速率明显加快,其中对Atrazine的二级吸附速率常数是AC的1.75倍.AC-K对DBP、Atrazine和SMZ的理论饱和吸附量也分别比改性前分别提高了42.2%、629%和122%.经KMnO₄改性后,活性炭的吸附机制由物理吸附占主导,转化为离子交换吸附.     

热带雨林环境霉菌试验菌种筛选研究

目的 研究西双版纳热带雨林环境空气中的优势菌种和装备上的敏感菌种,为热带雨林环境霉菌试验的菌种筛选提供参考。方法 采用撞击法采集西双版纳试验站空气中的菌种,同时挑取试验站内正在进行环境试验的装备上生长的霉菌,通过纯化、鉴定、分析得到西双版纳热带雨林环境优势菌种和装备上的敏感菌种。结果 获得热带雨林环境优势菌种12株,装备材料上的敏感菌种10株。结论 根据霉菌对纤维、塑料、皮革、橡胶和纺织品的影响,筛选出6株优势菌种结合10株敏感菌种作为装备霉菌试验添加菌种。     

海州湾岩芯沉积物稀土元素特征与物源分析

通过对海州湾潮滩HZ02岩芯沉积物中稀土元素的地球化学特征进行分析,以期探讨其物质来源。结果表明:HZ02岩芯中稀土元素平均值为225.36×10-6; 稀土元素类型特征表现为轻稀土富集而重稀土相对亏损、δEu中等程度亏损、δCe为弱的负异常; 岩芯沉积物稀土元素配分模式与陆源沉积物的稀土配分模式十分相似,可能暗示海州湾潮滩沉积物来源主要受陆源影响和控制。而且,1958年以前沉积物主要来源于临洪河,其次为废黄河,1958年以后,由于修建石梁河水库,临洪河物质减少。     

高矿化度酸性油气集输管道腐蚀规律及控制技术探讨

利用电化学测试、腐蚀失重和理论模拟等方法,系统研究常见金属材料在典型高矿化度酸性油田采出液中的腐蚀行为。发现CO_2/H_2S共存条件下,当CO_2含量较低时,以CO_2腐蚀为主;当CO_2浓度较高时,以H_2S腐蚀为主。同时,研究表明降低管道输送压力有助于形成稳定的腐蚀产物膜而减缓管道腐蚀。建议在高矿化度采出液输送过程中,除了采用更为耐蚀的新型抗硫材质外,合理维持较低的管道输送压力或前端气液分离可作为工艺防腐的有效措施。     

白泥烟气脱硫技术与燃煤电厂工程应用

系统地考察了白泥的物化特性、白泥脱硫浆液的特性,并对w（白泥浆液）、pH等因素对脱硫性能的影响进行了研究.在国电肇庆热电有限公司2×350 MW超临界锅炉机组上开展了工程化应用研究,对比研究了白泥脱硫与传统石灰石-石膏法脱硫的性能与石膏副产物特性.结果表明:w（白泥浆液）和pH对脱硫效率影响较为明显,w（白泥浆液）低于12.5%的条件（5.0%、8.0%）下,pH由10.0减至6.0时,脱硫效率逐渐减小;w（白泥浆液）为12.5%的条件下,pH对脱硫效率的影响基本可以忽略;在三层浆液喷淋填料塔内,液气比为8 L/m3,空塔气速为0.4 m/s,脱硫效率最高可达96.7%以上.350 MW燃煤电厂白泥脱硫工程应用结果表明,采用单塔双循环工艺,在运行负荷为240~249 MW范围内,ρ（SO₂）为1 948~1 999 mg/m3的条件下,白泥脱硫的效率（99.25%~99.49%）优于石灰石-石膏法（99.18%~99.20%）;白泥作为脱硫剂时,烟气出口ρ（SO₂）最低仅为10 mg/m3,可满足超低排放标准对SO₂控制的要求.研究显示,与石灰石-石膏法生成的石膏副产物相比,白泥脱硫石膏在酸不溶物、含水率等指标及外观方面基本接近,符合建材制品要求,满足副产物资源化要求.      

低C/N(<3)条件下SNEDPR系统启动及其脱氮除磷特性研究

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统处理低C/N（<3）污水的脱氮除磷特性,采用厌氧/低氧（溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L）运行的SBR反应器,以低碳城市污水为处理对象,考察了C/N对SNEDPR启动、脱氮除磷性能优化与菌群结构变化的影响.结果表明：进水C/N由4.3提高至5.15时,系统脱氮除磷性能均逐渐增强,系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率最高达89.3%和90.6%;降低进水C/N <3后,系统脱氮、除磷性能均呈现先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,但低C/N对PAOs（聚磷菌）除磷性能的影响高于其对反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）内源反硝化脱氮性能的影响,表现为TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别先降低至21.4%和3.4%后逐渐升高至92.9%和94.1%.系统稳定运行阶段,单位COD平均释磷量和SNED率达437.1mgP/gCOD和89.1%,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO_x^--N和PO₄^3--P浓度平均为0,4.4,0.2mg/L.经136d的运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs,AOB（氨氧化菌）和NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）分别占全菌的（16±3）%,（8±3）%,（7±3）%和（3±1）%,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能.此外,系统好氧段存在同步短程硝化内源反硝化,是实现低C/N（<3）污水高效脱氮除磷的原因.     

SimuLink模拟活性污泥工艺的研究

以数学软件matlab内嵌的SimuLink工具箱为研究工具,结合国际水协( IWA)提出的活性污泥一号模型(ASM1)对欧盟科学技术合作计划(COST)提供的AO标准工艺流程建立数学模型并加以模拟,将模拟结果和COST提供的标准模拟结果进行比较,在各级反应器内的两者结果基本匹配,认为模型的建立、模拟结果合理可靠,基于该工艺模型的拓展模型和变型可进一步为实际工艺的设计与运行提供参考。