我国海洋自然保护区面临的主要问题及管理策略

我国海洋自然保护区的建立,在保护海洋环境、物种资源,维护海洋生态平衡等方面起了重要作用;然而海洋自然保护区建设管理工作起步较晚、基础薄弱、保护区的管理正处于摸索阶段,还存在一些问题.文章提出了目前我国海洋自然保护区在管理体制、总体布局规划、经费投入、法律法规以及科研工作方面存在的主要问题,并根据这些问题提出相应解决的管理策略.     

平面波导型荧光免疫传感器的研究

研究开发了一种光学免疫传感器——平面波导型荧光免疫传感器系统,建立了传感基片的化学修饰和配基固定化方法,并应用该系统检测了环境小分子污染物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D).结果表明,检测系统对荧光标记抗体的检测限达到0.01μg/mL.传感基片基本不对蛋白质产生非特异性吸附,而对目标污染物抗体具有很强的特异性响应,采用pH1.9、2mg/mL的胃蛋白酶溶液作为活化剂活化传感基片时,基片连续测定20个周期后性能没有明显下降,具有良好的稳定性.在间接竞争免疫检测模式下得到了检测2,4-D的标准曲线,曲线符合Logistic方程.2,4-D的检测下限为2.0μg/L,定量检测区间为5.0～3000μg/L,满足饮用水中2,4-D的检测要求.     

白腐菌和红平红球菌共固定化处理增塑剂废水

以赭曲霉死菌丝体为载体,吸附红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropo lisNG0402)和白腐菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporiumM E-446)的混合物,用聚乙烯醇作包埋剂进行共固定化。用制备好的共固定化细胞处理增塑剂废水,连续运行19d的结果表明,共固定化处理增塑剂废水的效果远好于单一菌的效果。在pH7.0、溶解氧质量浓度3.0m g/L、水力停留时间25h的条件下,废水中苯酚、COD和色度的去除率连续15d达到了90%以上,对苯酚的去除能力为2.16kg/(m3.d)。     

摇动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水

介绍了一种新型的生物膜反应器——摇动床反应器,并采用模拟生活污水进行了小试试验研究。试验结果表明,在HRT=6h,DO=3～4mg/L,T=20～25℃,pH=7～8,C/N=20的条件下,该工艺可以达到最佳运行状况,有机负荷为0.64～3.00kgCOD/(m3.d)下,COD去除率平均达到85%,出水TN≤10mg/L,达到国家一级排放标准。     

秦巴山区浅表层滑坡成灾规律研究

以陕南秦巴山区的紫阳县域为例,通过对全县地质环境与地质灾害的详细调查,总结了浅表层滑坡的时空分布规律,分析了滑坡的各种致滑因素,在此基础上,将滑坡整个发展演化划分为四个阶段,并从破坏形式上将其归纳为两类力学模式和6种表现形式。结果表明,秦巴山区内浅表层滑坡受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、气象水文、人类活动等因素影响非常敏感,尤其表现为滑坡灾害与暴雨同期,但受物源条件限制大规模灾害之间存在9~10年的平静期。浅表层滑坡特有的发展演化可划分为表层卸荷阶段、加速风化阶段、风化堆积阶段、浅表层滑坡发生阶段等四个阶段,根据其变形破坏特征归纳为剧滑—平推和蠕滑—拉裂两种力学模式以及6种表现形式。     

Orchid conservation in the biodiversity hotspot of southwestern China

Xishuangbanna is on the northern margins of tropical Asia in southwestern China and has the largest area of tropical forest remaining in the country. It is in the Indo‐Burma hotspot and contains 16% of China's vascular flora in <0.2% of the country's total area (19,690 km²). Rapid expansion of monoculture crops in the last 20 years, particularly rubber, threatens this region's exceptional biodiversity. To understand the effects of land‐use change and collection on orchid species diversity and determine protection priorities, we conducted systematic field surveys, observed markets, interviewed orchid collectors, and then determined the conservation status of all orchids. We identified 426 orchid species in 115 genera in Xishuangbanna: 31% of all orchid species that occur in China. Species richness was highest at 1000–1200 m elevation. Three orchid species were assessed as possibly extinct in the wild, 15 as critically endangered, 82 as endangered, 124 as vulnerable, 186 as least concern, and 16 as data deficient. Declines over 20 years in harvested species suggested over‐collection was the major threat, and utility value (i.e., medicinal or ornamental value) was significantly related to endangerment. Expansion of rubber tree plantations was less of a threat to orchids than to other taxa because only 75 orchid species (17.6%) occurred below the 1000‐m‐elevation ceiling for rubber cultivation, and most of these (46) occurred in nature reserves. However, climate change is projected to lift this ceiling to around 1300 m by 2050, and the limited area at higher elevations reduces the potential for upslope range expansion. The Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is committed to achieving zero plant extinctions in Xishuangbanna, and orchids are a high priority. Appropriate in and ex situ conservation strategies, including new protected areas and seed banking, have been developed for every threatened orchid species and are being implemented.     

Coupling urban 3-D information and circuit theory to advance the development of urban ecological networks

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation.     

Investigating the effect of landfill leachates on the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in groundwater using excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectra coupled with fluorescence regional integration and self-organizing map

For the purpose of investigating the effect of landfill leachate on the characteristics of organic matter in groundwater, groundwater samples were collected near and in a landfill site, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) was extracted from the groundwater samples and characterized by excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and self-organizing map (SOM). The results showed that the groundwater DOM comprised humic-, fulvic-, and protein-like substances. The concentration of humic-like matter showed no obvious variation for all groundwater except the sample collected in the landfill site. Fulvic-like substance content decreased when the groundwater was polluted by landfill leachates. There were two kinds of protein-like matter in the groundwater. One kind was bound to humic-like substances, and its content did not change along with groundwater pollution. However, the other kind was present as “free” molecules or else bound in proteins, and its concentration increased significantly when the groundwater was polluted by landfill leachates. The FRI and SOM methods both can characterize the composition and evolution of DOM in the groundwater. However, the SOM analysis can identify whether protein-like moieties was bound to humic-like matter.     

近50 a三江源地区蒸发量的变化特征及其影响因子分析

选用青海省三江源地区1964~2013年14个气象台站观测的基本气象数据,利用线性倾向性估计和Mann-Kendall检验方法等分析了三江源地区蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化和变化趋势,并以完全相关分析方法进行蒸发量上升成因分析。结果表明:三江源地区年蒸发量总体呈显著上升趋势,其线性变化速率为30.1 mm/10 a,夏秋冬季蒸发量均呈显著上升变化,春季变化趋势不明显,夏季和秋季蒸发量上升对年蒸发量上升贡献最大;逐月蒸发量变化趋势均增加,但幅度各异;冬季蒸发量在2011年发生了突变,其余各季和年均未发生突变.蒸发量月际变化规律明显,表现为双峰型分布,双峰出现在5月和7月,最小值出现在1月;季节变化也十分明显,夏季蒸发量最大,其次为春季和秋季,冬季蒸发量最少,表明春夏两季蒸发量的多少对三江源地区水循环起重要作用。年和四季蒸发量呈现出西北部少,东南部及东北部多的分布特点,气候变化速率分布自西向东逐渐增大。蒸发量年际变化不剧烈,年蒸发量变异系数从西北向东南逐渐增大,四季蒸发量变异系数空间分布明显不同。年蒸发量与平均气温总体上呈正相关,与气温日较差、相对湿度呈负相关,平均气温上升、气温日较差和相对湿度下降是三江源地区蒸发量上升的主要因素。