呋虫胺对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼生长发育及细胞凋亡的影响

第三代新烟碱类农药呋虫胺作为超高效、广谱性杀虫剂在水稻、蔬菜和水果上广泛应用,因其水溶性高,对水生生物的毒性不容忽视。本研究以斑马鱼胚胎为对象,参考OECD标准,在胚胎受精后30 min内,采用静态法染毒,观察其24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的生长发育情况,根据死亡数计算呋虫胺对斑马鱼96 h-LC_(50),采用吖啶橙染色(acridine orange fluorescent,AO-F)和原位末端标记法(TUNEL)2种方法,检测其对斑马鱼96 hpf(hour post-fertilization,hpf)幼鱼的细胞凋亡情况。结果表明:呋虫胺对斑马鱼胚胎的96 h-LC_(50)为10.36 g·L~(-1)(95%置信区间为7.76~12.93 g·L~(-1)),属于微毒;较高浓度的呋虫胺能使斑马鱼的摆尾数、内心率、孵化率降低,对生长发育有延迟的作用,可导致部分斑马鱼色素褪去,出现心包囊肿、卵黄囊肿和尾部畸形的现象。且随着浓度的升高,在斑马鱼头部、腹部、尾部均有明显的细胞凋亡情况加重,其中以心脏和内耳尤为明显,呈规律的剂量-效应关系。     

顺序注射阻抑动力学光度法测定环境水样中的对苯二酚

在酸性条件下,利用对苯二酚能够阻抑碱性藏花红和溴酸钾反应的原理,联用顺序注射分析技术建立了快速测定环境水样中对苯二酚的新方法。在最佳实验条件下,对苯二酚的线性范围为0.05~1.50μg·m L~(-1),检出限为0.02μg·m L~(-1),完成一次分析循环总的试剂消耗仅为0.125 m L。该方法用于自来水、地表水和河水中对苯二酚的测定,结果与HPLC法所得结果对照,无显著性差异。     

基于均生函数的大坝水位安全预测

大坝水位变化特别是汛期水位的剧烈变化不仅会对大坝的安全运营造成很大影响,甚至会威胁到下游和周边居民的生命财产安全,因此必须对大坝的水位进行安全监测。由于大坝的水位受天气和降水的影响明显,具有一定的周期性,因此,利用均生函数周期性记忆的特点,建立时间序列与均生函数之间的回归方程,构造预报模型的方法,能准确预测出水位的变化趋势,对一些变化很大的趋势甚至也能准确预测。该方法在大坝安全预测中的应用不仅能给出先导性信息,也为大坝的安全预测工作提供一种新方法。     

Space view of the decadal variation for typical air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most industrialized, urbanized and populated regions in China, and thus has been long suffering from severe air pollutions. Space data provide a unique perspective for investigating the atmospheric environment at a regional scale. By utilizing multiple satellite retrievals from 2005 to 2013, this study presented, for the first time, the spatial patterns and temporal trends of typical air pollutants over PRD and its vicinity. As viewed from space, aerosol optical depth (AOD), NO₂ and SO₂ all had their higher values at the central part of PRD, and showed clear descending gradients as moving to the outskirt of this region. As to the inter-annual variation, all these pollutants had decreasing trends in PRD during the study period, which generally agreed with the relevant in situ measurements. However, the satellite retrievals differed from ground measurements when addressing NO₂ and SO₂ in the vicinity of PRD. This work also provides the inter-comparison among PRD and three other metropolitan clusters in China: PRD had relatively high AOD, moderate NO₂ and low SO₂ levels, and it was the only region achieving the effective reduction of NO₂ and SO₂ during last decade. Unlike the previous three pollutants, HCHO observed by satellite showed very special patterns: it had a relatively homogeneous spatial distribution over both of PRD and its vicinity, and presented an opposite increasing trend from 2005 to 2010. Moreover, PRD had the highest HCHO level among all the metropolitan clusters, hinting a considerable contribution of biogenic origins of HCHO in PRD.

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吡草醚原药对大鼠胚胎及胎仔发育的影响

经口染毒大鼠检测妊娠动物接触吡草醚原药后引起致畸的可能性,初步评价吡草醚原药致畸危害程度。依据《GB15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法》,选用的大鼠按雄、雌2:1比例同笼交配,次日清晨阴道涂片检查雌鼠,发现精子即确定为受孕第0天,设低、中、高三个剂量组(18.56、92.80、464.00 mg·(kg·d)-1)、一个阴性对照组和一个阳性对照组。在雌鼠受孕第6~15天灌胃给予受试物,连续共10天,在妊娠第19.5天,处死孕鼠检查胚胎发育情况。高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠孕期体重增重值降低,差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠吸收胎率与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组胎鼠重量与阴性对照组比较,差异有显著性(p0.01);阳性对照组胎鼠外观畸形明显,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.01);各剂量组胎鼠外观畸形与阴性对照组比较,差异均无显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组组和阳性对照组胎鼠骨骼及内脏畸形例数明显增多,差异有显著性(p0.01)。实验结果表明吡草醚原药中、高剂量组可明显影响雌鼠体重增长及其胚胎的发育。     

氧化沟工艺低氧同步脱氮启动研究

在常温条件下,采用小试Pasveer氧化沟处理低C/N实际污水,通过控制好氧区平均ρ(DO)为0.2～0.4 mg/L,保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比为1∶1,成功实现低氧脱氮过程。其中,模式1先接种好氧污泥并逐渐降低好氧区DO,然后接种缺氧污泥;模式2初始阶段保持低氧环境,并直接接种好氧和缺氧混合污泥。结果显示:两种方式均能成功启动低氧脱氮并保持较高的脱氮率;同时,当C/N值为1.94时,氨氮去除率较高;当C/N值为3.00时,总氮去除率较高,低氧低碳条件下脱氮效果较好。     

煤矸石烧结砖厂废气凝结物的研究

采集煤矸石烧结砖厂隧道窑废气热交换器内壁的凝结物,利用XRF、XRD、IR、DTA-TG、SEM、EDS、ICP-MS和AFS等方法进行了研究。结果表明:凝结物主要为水合硫酸亚铁和水合硫酸铁,S含量为119.2 mg/g,且Se、As、Pb等微量元素在凝结物中富集。与煤矸石原料相比,凝结物中Se的富集程度最高,含量达到了0.637 mg/g,相对富集因子为467.52;S、Tl、Mo、As、Pb的相对富集因子从57.05依次减小到6.18,F及亲硫元素Sb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Co富集程度较低;Sr、Th、Be、Ba、U、V、Cr的相对富集因子小于0.5,显示在烧结砖制备过程中的挥发性很低。     

障碍物对气体爆炸压力场影响数值模拟

气体爆炸是工业生产和生活领域中爆炸灾害的主要形式之一,研究障碍物对管道内可燃气体爆炸的影响规律具有十分重要的现实意义。运用计算流体动力学软件AutoReaGas,定量地研究了障碍物阻塞率、个数等因素对管道中预混乙炔/空气混和物爆炸压力场的影响规律。计算结果表明,障碍物的个数和阻塞比对管道内乙炔气体爆炸峰值超压均有显著影响。本文的研究结果对于预防和控制气体爆炸灾害有一定的借鉴作用。     

开关型高压电网故障限流装置研制

针对日趋严重的电网短路电流超标问题,采用基于爆炸式快速开断载流桥体的大容量高速开关装置(Fast Switching Release,FSR)与限流电抗器一体技术研制了“节能型限流装置”,并在宁夏220 kV步桥变电站成功运行;基于高速大遮断容量真空断路器技术、短路电流快速识别技术、相控技术与限流电抗器相结合研制了“330 kV 开关型零损耗电网限流装置”,并在宁夏330 kV迎安I线成功进行2次短路试验。现场运行及试验结果表明:2种开关型高压电网故障限流装置从根本上解决了电网故障限流技术实用化中面临的安全性、可靠性以及经济性等关键问题,标志着电网故障限流技术取得了一个突破性的进展。     

Hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation

Oxidative stress parameters and some antioxidant defense systems in the liver of Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation (Roundup®) have been studied. Fish were exposed to glyphosate and its formulation at concentrations of 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, and 4.0 mg L^?1, all calculated on glyphosate basis, for 11 days. Hydroxyl radical generation as determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of its spin-adduct with α-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone increased with the concentration of Roundup®. Superoxide dismutase activities were decreased relative to control by 21%–46% when exposed to glyphosate and 45%–52% when exposed to Roundup®, suggesting that the formulation is more toxic than glyphosate alone. Catalase showed no difference between both groups.