海岛非点源污染负荷估算方法研究

基于流域单元思想,提出一种非点源污染负荷估算方法：借助GIS提取模拟河网,识别流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域非点源污染的估算提供基础的数据平台.在此基础上,与土地利用专题图叠加,计算各子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,构建非点源负荷系统,利用各污染排放系数和入海系数,结合多年的降雨量,并引入坡度因子作为限制条件,估算污染负荷总量.结果显示,南长山岛非点源全氮、全磷年负荷量分别为11539kg和2025kg.氮污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 大气沉降> 土地利用> 畜禽养殖;磷污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 土地利用> 大气沉降> 畜禽养殖.基于此,探讨海岛地区非点源污染排放特征及对水环境质量影响,可为海岛地区污染物总量调控和环境健康发展提供一种技术方法.     

Characteristics of residual organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land-use types on a coastal plain of the Yellow River Delta

The residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in soils covering five types of land use along a salinity gradient on the Yellow River Delta. The most prominent OCPs were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT, arithmetic mean = 5.11 μg kg^?1), hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH, 1.69 μg kg^?1) and ∑endosulfan (10.4 μg kg^?1). The spatial variability of OCPs composition shifted from γ-HCH and o,p′-DDT dominated pesticides in coastal soils to p,p′-DDE dominated pesticides in inland soils. In different land-use types, the percentages of β-HCH and p,p′-DDE are characterized by more recalcitrant components in decreasing order of vegetable fields, cereal fields, cotton fields, wetlands and tidal flats with increasing soil salinity. However, the less recalcitrant components, γ-HCH and o,p′-DDT, showed an opposite trend. Endosulfan sulfate predominated in all land-use types. Residual levels of β-HCH were affected by soil organic matter. The correlations between γ-HCH and clay content and between p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT and salinity might associate with the influence of sediment cotransport by the Yellow River and the density of anthropogenic activities in coastal region. Depth distribution of the OCPs in typical soil profiles also implied that local historical usage and sediment transport by the Yellow River both affected the OCPs residual in this region.     

Bibliometric analysis of ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa: implications for ecological stewardship and scientific collaboration

Regional ecosystem monitoring is a central form of knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst scientists and decision makers on environmental health, land use change, and science-policy development. Despite the proliferation of such research networks on long-term monitoring on many continents, little has been achieved in Africa. This study aims to assess and examine the spatiotemporal trend and categorical patterns in ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa for the benefits of conserving biodiversity and sustaining natural resource sectors for well-being and livelihood security, environmental planning, and ecological stewardship. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometric tools. Based on a set of search terms and peer-reviewed publications retrieved from various ecosystem monitoring networks and journal databases, further analysis was conducted using social network approaches, mapping tools, and content analysis. About 1442 scientific publications on ecosystem monitoring and related research were documented from 1987 to 2014 mostly published in English. The number of publication increased progressively since 1992 after the Convention on Biodiversity was signed and this trend peaked till 2008. South African Journal of Science was the most leading journal and Nature the most cited. Internationally coauthored and collaborative articles represented majority of the findings with the United Kingdom at the central position in the research network due to colonial relationships. Regional collaboration amongst countries is limited owing to language barriers and other institutional constraints such as funding and short-term projects. These findings have implication for prioritizing national and regional policies toward biodiversity science and its contribution to human well-being, food security, and global change responses.     

纳米二氧化硅对两性生殖和孤雌生殖卤虫无节幼体毒性影响的比较研究

研究了纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO_2)悬浮液对美国大盐湖两性生殖型卤虫(Artemia francisana,GSL)和渤海湾孤雌生殖型卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica,BH)无节幼体的急性毒性和抗氧化酶系统的影响。研究结果表明,Nano-SiO_2对GSL和BH无节幼体24 h-LC50分别为23.02 mg·m L~(-1)和20.96 mg·m L~(-1),属低级毒性。Nano-SiO_2降低了GSL和BH无节幼体还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,致丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,表明氧化应激反应是导致Nano-SiO_2对卤虫无节幼体致死的作用机制之一。     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

不同污泥龄膜生物反应器内微生物的群落结构特征

为研究不同污泥龄MBR(膜生物反应器)内的微生物群落结构特征,构建了SRT(污泥龄)分别为10、20、40和80 d的4个平行的MBR,通过PCR-DGGE技术获得各MBR内微生物的DNA指纹图谱,并对条带进行切胶测序. 结果表明,SRT不影响MBR对废水的处理效果,不同SRT下MBR对NH₄+-N和COD_Cr的去除率均能达到90%以上. DGGE结果表明,在运行过程中,各MBR内的微生物群落结构均发生了明显变化,并且不同SRT的MBR内总细菌群落结构变化特征相同;SRT影响同一微生物在各MBR中的出现速率;总细菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和丰富度指数均随着SRT的增加而升高,SRT为80 d的MBR内Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高. 测序结果表明,不同SRT的MBR内的优势种属不同,其中Arcobacter sp.、beta proteobacterium及Thiothrix sp.为不同SRT的MBR中共同存在的关键菌属,对MBR的运行起着重要作用.      

不同废弃线路板中金属元素含量及资源化价值分析

线路板是电子废弃物的核心部分,每年产生的废弃线路板数量巨大,而典型线路板中约含金属30%。随机收集市场上不同品牌型号及生产年代的废弃电脑、手机、硬盘、工业控制器等进行粗拆,对其线路板进行系统的精细拆解,对比分析了拆除元器件线路板和元器件上的金属含量以及其潜在的资源化价值,发现不同线路板金属种类和含量差别明显,废弃工业控制器和硬盘线路板的资源化价值远大于电脑和手机,尤其是贵金属金含量高,价值高达80万元/t,普通金属尤其是铜的含量巨大,可达20 kg/t,集中分布在脱除元器件的线路板上。     

太子河河岸带土地利用类型与硅藻群落结构的关系

为了评价河岸带土地利用对河流硅藻群落的影响,于2012年5月对太子河河岸带4种主要土地利用类型(森林用地、森林耕作用地、耕地、城镇建设用地)下38个采样点的硅藻群落和水环境特征进行采样分析. 结果表明:森林用地的指示种为膨大桥弯藻(Cymbella turgida)、优美桥弯藻(C. delicatula)、弧形峨眉藻(Ceratoneis arcus)、Gomphonema trancatum等寡污指示种;耕地的指示种为颗粒直链藻(M. granulate)、库津小环藻(Cyclotella kuetzingiana)、线形菱形藻(N. linearis)、尖布纹藻(Gyrosigma acuminatum)等污染指示种. 聚类分析结果显示,相同土地利用类型区域内,硅藻群落结构特征较为相似. 典范对应分析显示,ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(SS)(SS为悬浮物)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)是影响硅藻群落结构特征的主要水环境因子. 不同土地利用类型区域内硅藻群落结构特征差异显著,其中,森林用地内硅藻生物指数(17.98)和硅藻属数量(17.33个)最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.22)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.54)最低;耕地内Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值最高,分别为3.37和0.82;城镇建设用地内物种丰富度(11.00)、硅藻生物指数(9.20)和硅藻平均密度(0.71×104 L-1)最低. 研究显示,不同土地利用类型通过对水环境因子的影响进而影响硅藻群落的变化,其中城镇建设用地面积所占比例较高的河流水环境质量和硅藻群落状况最差;太子河河岸带土地利用类型对河流硅藻群落结构影响显著,并表现出明显的空间异质性.      

某铁矿安全避险六大系统建设实例研究与分析

对所负责参与的某铁矿安全避险六大系统建设的实例进行研究与分析。针对系统运行期间发现的问题和不足,提出相关的应对改进措施。     

车用环向缠绕气瓶原型选型分析与建议

针对业内对车用环向缠绕气瓶设计文件鉴定和型式试验工作中存在选型分歧这一实际问题,通过综合分析气瓶设计规则、型式试验规则和产品标准的要求,对该产品的原型选择进行讨论,提出一个能够符合国家标准、合理体现制造厂家诉求、且能与设计鉴定、型式试验工作相适应的选型建议。