反渗透技术在内陆核电站中的能量回收

核电站的用水安全是保障核电站安全运行的重要环节.根据内陆核电站补给水的水质要求及我国内陆地表水水质,提出了利用两级反渗透技术将水质较差的地表水经过处理作为内陆核电厂一、二回路循环冷却水补给水的工艺流程设计方案,并在两级RO过程中加入正位移式(液压往复式)能量回收器来达到降低能耗的目的.     

基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价

为了分析城市快速路多个交织区之间的相对交通安全状况,及比选同一个交织区的多个设计方案,建立基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价方法。首先,使用微观交通仿真软件模拟一定道路交通条件下车流运行状态及其随时空变化的过程,并生成车辆轨迹文件;然后,运用交通安全替代评价模型(SSAM)分析车辆轨迹文件,识别和统计交通仿真过程中"发生"的交通冲突;最后,以交织区交通冲突数与交织区交通量、交织区长度的比值作为评价指标,评价交织区的交通安全状况。案例分析表明,交织区交通冲突率越高,其服务水平往往越低;交织区的交通冲突率有随交织区交通量增加而增加,随交织区长度、交织区车道数的增加而降低的趋势。     

适应性环境管理模式在大型赛事筹备中 的应用（下） ——应用实例

将适应性环境管理的模式应用于深圳第26届世界大学生夏季运动会生态环境保障工作,对生态环境保障总目标层层分解落实,由第三方评估机构对任务逐项跟踪管理,定期评估各部门绩效,根据外部条件和内部因素的变化对工作方案和阶段性目标进行动态调整,最大限度地降低了环境管理工作的不确定性。经过六个月的实践应用,大运赛事期间深圳市生态环境保障工作取得了十分显著的成效。     

基于DEMATEL-ANP的重大件船舶大风浪航行安全指标选取

为了改善重大件船舶在大风浪条件下航行的安全性,保证船舶、船员、重大件货物安全到港,在查阅大量文献、咨询专家并结合实际经验后,构建了重大件船舶大风浪安全指标体系。首次将DEMATEL-ANP(决策试验与评价实验室-网络分析法)方法引入大风浪安全领域,建立了重大件船舶大风浪航行安全的DEMATEL-ANP结构。通过DEMATEL方法计算了指标间综合影响矩阵,并绘制因果图对各指标进行分类。借助综合影响矩阵和重大件船舶大风浪安全指标体系,通过ANP方法梳理网络结构并计算了混合权重。确定了对安全影响较大的指标,并对其进行管控。通过与AHP方法的对比,表明该方法更加合理、客观地考虑了指标间的相互影响,提出的DEMATEL-ANP结构合理、可行,能够很好地应用于大风浪安全领域,对保证船舶安全具有一定的指导意义。     

钢渣吸附剂吸附机理的研究

采用间歇振荡法,研究了钢渣吸附模式、选择性以及等温吸附方程。结果表明,钢渣对阳离子的吸附容量远远大于对阴离子的吸附容量,其吸附模式属于离子交换;其对重金属离子具有一定的吸附选择性,其选择性能与离子的电性、电价、离子半径和水化热等因素有关;钢渣吸附Pb2＋是单层吸附,符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。     

浑河沈阳段污水排放口最优规划研究

针对沈阳市经济发展和污染加剧的特点,为合理充分利用浑河水环境容量,节约投资,建立了浑河沈阳段主要排污口最优化模型,并应用分段线性化对该模型进行了线性化,进而确定排污口最优化线性模型,最后通过M atlab软件求解出各排放口的污水允许排放浓度及最低的处理费用。     

太湖沉积物好氧细菌空间分布与氮磷来源及风险

沉积物中氮磷释放到湖水中会加剧湖泊的富营养化,危害生态安全和人类健康.微生物在氮磷转换中不可或缺,准确分析沉积物中氮磷分布特征和来源以及与微生物的关系是湖泊富营养化管控的重要前提.以太湖为研究区,采集30个表层沉积物样品,测定并分析了粒度、pH、有机质（OM）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、全磷（TP）、全氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和溶解性有机氮（DON）等指标含量及空间分布特征,同时利用营养琼脂（NA）培养基以平板计数法测定好氧细菌（AB）数量.结合主成分分析（PCA）和Pearson相关分析探究了太湖沉积物和AB空间分布特征和来源.采用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法研究了太湖沉积物污染特征.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物指标平均值如下：AB为9.25×10⁴ CFU ·g^-1,平均粒径（M_Z）为17.59 μm,pH为7.62,ω（OM）为15.05g ·kg^-1,ω（DOC）为71.60mg ·kg^-1,ω（TP）为598.13mg ·kg^-1,ω（TN）为1113.92 mg ·kg^-1,ω（NO₃^--N）为3.22mg ·kg^-1,ω（DON）为22.60mg ·kg^-1.综合污染指数（FF）显示太湖中的点位13%为中度污染,87%为重度污染.TN除在湖心区、南部湖区和东太湖西部的部分湖区为轻度污染外,其余区域为中重度污染.除竺山湾为重度污染外,太湖中TP整体上为轻中度污染.有机污染指数（OI）表明,太湖沉积物有机污染较轻,主要与有机氮（ON）污染有关.太湖中DOC、DON、TN和OM主要来源于水生植物的影响,TP和AB主要来源于河流外源输入的影响.研究将为湖泊富营养化治理提供理论支撑,也为进一步研究AB去除沉积物中氮磷污染提供新思路.     

Application of China’s National Forest Continuous Inventory Database

The maintenance of a timely, reliable and accurate spatial database on current forest ecosystem conditions and changes is essential to characterize and assess forest resources and support sustainable forest management. Information for such a database can be obtained only through a continuous forest inventory. The National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI) is the first level of China’s three-tiered inventory system. The NFCI is administered by the State Forestry Administration; data are acquired by five inventory institutions around the country. Several important components of the database include land type, forest classification and ageclass/ age-group. The NFCI database in China is constructed based on 5-year inventory periods, resulting in some of the data not being timely when reports are issued. To address this problem, a forest growth simulation model has been developed to update the database for years between the periodic inventories. In order to aid in forest plan design and management, a three-dimensional virtual reality system of forest landscapes for selected units in the database (compartment or sub-compartment) has also been developed based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language. In addition, a transparent internet publishing system for a spatial database based on open source WebGIS (UMN Map Server) has been designed and utilized to enhance public understanding and encourage free participation of interested parties in the development, implementation, and planning of sustainable forest management.     

Location set covering for waste resource recycling centers in Taiwan

The efficiency of Taiwan's waste management and resource recycling systems has been well recognized in recent years, but the present model used to locate recycling centers and to assign collection depots to those centers continues to show low efficiency. To address this issue, the study herein suggests implementing a new location-planning and assignment model to reduce the number of existing recycling centers. Such a reduction would reduce the use of land resources. Moreover, the total transportation distance would decrease through the efficient assignment of collection depots to recycling centers. On the basis of results from previous studies, this study proposes a 2-stage location set covering problem-P-median integrated model that obtains exact solutions using heuristic algorithms on the basis of set operations. The results of numerical analyses show that the model introduced in this study is effective in solving the problems stated above as well as in improving the layout of Taiwan's existing recycling centers.     

Stereoselective toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, malaoxon and isomalathion

In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers.