DDT在武汉地区三种典型土壤中的吸附和迁移特征

采取室内模拟试验方法,研究了滴滴涕（DDT）在武汉地区三种不同土质类型土壤中的吸附和迁移特征。结果表明：DDT在A、B、C三种土壤中的吸附符合线性吸附方程,在24h左右达到平衡,吸附过程为自发的物理吸附,Kd值在0.3~1.41mL/g之间,Kd值大小顺序依次为A种土〉B种土〉C种土;土柱淋溶试验表明一周后DDT在A种土、B种土和C种土中最大迁移深度分别为11.0cm、13.2cm、15.4cm;影响DDT在土壤中吸附的重要因素之一是土壤中有机质含量;土壤中的DDT对地下水污染存在潜在的风险性,应引起高度重视。     

自然景观遥感解译基础上的华中自然区划研究

在自然景观类型的卫星图像解释和制图的基础上，通过对自然景观类型分布规律的定性分析和定量计算，自下而上归并与自上而下划分相结合，将华中地区划分为５个自然区、１９个自然亚区和３０个自然小区。     

充分发挥政府职能推动循环经济发展

本文简要阐述了作者对循环经济的认识以及发展循环经济的必要性,并面向级政府和政府部门提出了对发展循环经济的几点建议。     

走向更为积极的气候变化政策与管理

我国目前应对气候变化的策略表现为：将气候变化政策视为可持续发展政策的一部分；在参与全球气候变化的国际协议方面有着鲜明立场；重视气候变化方面的科学研究；把气候变化问题作为环境外交的重要部分；努力吸引公众参与等方面。但在政策的制定和执行中仍缺乏应有的积极性、主动性和前瞳性。我国的气候变化治理结构存在的问题主要包括：缺乏明确的决策机构和执行机构。科学研究对政策制定的支持能力不足，公众参与薄弱．企业减缓气候变化的动力不足。针对这些问题．提出了以“走向更为积极的气候变化政策与管理”为核心的改进治理结构的政策建议。     

混菌接种条件下微生物燃料电池芯片的产电特性研究

微生物燃料电池(MFC)芯片因具有体积小、运行条件温和、产电稳定等优点而有可能成为一种新型的野外水环境监测系统中传感器供能方式.但目前采用纯菌种及贵重金属阳极构建的MFC芯片,不仅成本较高且纯菌种在复杂环境条件下不易存活和保持稳定.因此,本文通过采用混合菌群接种,以活性炭为阳极,构建了阳极体积为50μL的MFC芯片,发现其稳定运行最大输出电流为3.5μA,平均运行周期为8.0 h,最大输出功率约为160 nW,最大功率密度为10.2 mW·m-2.EIS分析结果表明,MFC芯片的总内阻约为35.6 kΩ,其中,阴阳极内阻占主要部分.本研究制备的MFC芯片产电性能达到了同类采用纯菌株及Au作阳极的MFC芯片的性能,表明采用低成本材料为阳极,接种混合菌液的MFC芯片是完全可行的.     

海藻酸钙包覆纳米Ni/Fe颗粒用于同时去除水中铜离子和氯苯

基于纳米铁系材料易团聚、使用寿命短等缺点,本文利用"绿色"、可降解的海藻酸钙包覆Ni/Fe纳米颗粒(CA-Ni/Fe NPs)同时去除水溶液复合污染物铜离子和氯苯.结果发现,降解120 min后,CA-Ni/Fe NPs对混合液中初始浓度为50 mg·L-1铜离子的去除率为85.9%,而对于50 mg·L-1氯苯的去除率则为95.7%.这说明由于纳米Ni/Fe催化剂的高反应活性,CA-Ni/Fe NPs可以用于同时去除复合污染物.实验同时发现,铜离子和氯苯的去除率均随着体系温度、投加量、pH值的升高而增大.动力学和热力学实验研究表明,铜离子和氯苯的同步去除符合伪一级动力学,并且是化学吸附占主导的反应,提出了CA-Ni/Fe NPs对氯苯脱氯降解和还原铜离子的机理.将CA-Ni/Fe NPs用于处理废水,经过3次使用之后同时去除水溶液中铜离子和氯苯的效率分别维持在83.8%和91.7%.     

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallization：Property of aggregates

Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. To date, although various kinds of reactor systems have been developed, supporting methods are required to control the struvite fines flushing out of the reactors. As an intrinsic property, aggregation is normally disregarded in the struvite crystallization process, although it is the key factor in final particle size and therefore guarantees phosphorus recovery efficiency. The present study developed a method to analyze the characteristics of struvite aggregates using fractal geometry, and the influence of operational parameters on struvite aggregation was evaluated. Due to its typical orthorhombic molecular structure, struvite particles are prone to crystallize into needle or rod shapes, and aggregate at the corners or edges of crystals. The determined fractal dimension(Dpf) of struvite aggregates was 1.52–1.31, with the corresponding range of equivalent diameter(d0.5) at 295.9–85.4 μm. Aggregates formed in relatively low phosphorus concentrations(3.0–5.0 mmol/L) and mildly alkaline conditions(pH 9.0–9.5) displayed relatively compact structures, large aggregate sizes and high aggregation strength. Increasing pH values led to continuous decrease of aggregate sizes, while the variation of Dpfwas insignificant. As to the aggregate evolution, fast growth in a short time followed by a long steady stage was observed.     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.     

苏北盆地里下河地区30~15 cal ka BP期间地球化学元素变化特征及古气候意义

应用因子分析法对苏北盆地里下河地区SG剖面中的地化元素和氧化物进行分析,提取出相关古气候信息,重建了苏北盆地里下河地区30~15cal ka BP期间的古气候环境演化序列:30.3~26.0cal ka BP为相对暖湿期;26.0~17.8cal ka BP较为显著的冷干期;17.8~15.0cal ka BP以升温为主,冷暖波动剧烈,整体相对暖湿期;另外,在这些大的气候演变背景条件下,也存在着多次明显的气候波动事件。这一研究结果不仅与国内大量的研究资料相一致,而且与深海氧同位素和北半球太阳辐射等曲线也有着很好的对应,表明苏北地区的气候变化具有全球性特征。