土壤中塑料与微生物的相互作用及其生态效应

聚焦于土壤环境中包括微塑料在内的塑料污染,综述了微生物与土壤塑料相互作用的最新研究成果.主要内容包括：（i）土壤塑料的来源、迁移及其在土壤中长期贮存的基本特征;（ii）土壤微生物对塑料的影响;（iii）塑料污染对土壤微生物群落及酶活性、土壤动物、农作物生产以及对全球陆地生态系统功能的影响.最后,本文展望了未来相关研究的重点方向,包括功能微生物、实验参数设置、塑料圈、塑料与土壤微生物的大尺度及长期研究等,为从微生物角度认识和解决土壤塑料污染问题提供参考.     

Biodegradation of typical azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions

Widespread use of azole fungicides and low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have led to the elevated concentration of azole fungicides in receiving environment. However, there was limited research about the removal mechanism of azole fungicides in the biological treatment of WWTPs. Imidazole fungicide climbazole and triazole fungicide fluconazole were selected to investigate the biodegradation mechanism of azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Climbazole was found to be adsorbed to solid sludge and resulted in quick biodegradation. The degradation of climbazole in the aerobic activated sludge system was fitted well by the first-order kinetic model with a half-life of 5.3 days, while fluconazole tended to stay in liquid and had only about 30% of loss within 77 days incubation. Ten biotransformation products of climbazole were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry using suspect and non-target screening method. But no biodegradation products of fluconazole were identified due to its limited removal. The possible biodegradation pathways for climbazole were proposed based on the products identification and pathway prediction system, and involves oxidative dehalogenation, side chain oxidation and azole ring loss. The findings from this study suggest that it should be a concern for the persistence of fluconazole in the environment.     

光电侦察装备高原环境试验研究

目的保证光电侦察装备高原环境的使用和长期存放要求,满足军用光电器材高原环境适应性,提高光电侦察装备在高原条件下的应用效能,保障武器系统的作战效能。方法基于光电侦察装备的高原试验需求,分析高原环境的特点以及对参试人员、测试保障装备和光电侦察装备的影响,提出光电侦察装备高原试验的保障思路,设计高原试验的评估方法,并进行理论分析、高原环境模拟试验和高原实地试验验证。结果 5 km以下海拔高度,每上升1 km,气压下降约100 kPa;5000～20 000 m,随着海拔高度的上升,气压变化速度变缓,光电装备内部高压的绝缘强度有随之下降的趋势。结论光电侦察装备高原环境试验通过高原环境模拟试验条件可以提前暴露高原实地应用存在的问题,高原环境模拟试验结合高原实地实际条件试验,可以高效解决光电侦察装备的高原环境试验问题。     

雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)的特性分析及屏蔽

本文讨论了雷电电磁脉冲的危害,包括传导浪涌、辐射电磁场、感应电压,分析雷电电磁脉冲的特性;并以磁屏蔽为主介绍雷电电磁脉冲的防护,以及磁屏蔽材料的选择。     

关于“雷电等电位连接”的理解

现行国家防雷标准中对于“lightning equipotential bonding”及关联术语的定义的理解存在差异,通过对国内外雷电防护标准的分析,讨论了这些术语的内涵,并介绍了雷电防护工程中进行“雷电等电位连接”的要求和方法。     

云南省丽江大地震及其诱发的崩塌滑坡灾害特征

１９９６年２月３日，云南省丽江县城以北４０ｋｍ发生７级强烈地震，这次地震在约１２０００ｋｍ２范围内诱发了至少４２０处中小型崩塌和３０处大中型滑坡，造成房屋倒塌、桥梁毁坏和公路堵塞。调查研究得出以下结论：（１）地震触发的崩塌滑坡分布在Ⅵ度区内，主要集中在主震震中东南部，接近表层构造断裂带和余震活动范围内；（２）崩塌主要发生在高陡斜坡的峡谷地带，滑坡多为复活型，部分为同发型和滞后型滑坡；（３）地形是控制崩塌滑坡分布位置的主导因素，崩塌多发生于大于６０度斜坡中上部，滑坡发育于中缓斜坡（２５°～４５°）；（４）滑坡影响区如遇充足的降雨可能进一步变形破坏，大量地裂隙孕育着新的崩塌滑坡，潜在危险性大。     

Growth response of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to sludge-amended lead/zinc mine tailings. A greenhouse study

Legumes are ideal for revegetation of metal-mined wastelands which lack nitrogen (N). A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina for the reclamation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings and to evaluate the effects of organic amendment using sewage sludge (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, v/v). The results showed that both species could continue to grow on the highly toxic tailings substrata for at least 80 days, although their growth suffered from adverse effects. That S. rostrata with stem and root nodules had better growth (biomass, growth rates, and biomass of nodules) than S. cannabina suggested that S. rostrata is a better choice as a pioneer species for revegetation of the mine tailings. Stem nodules had less obvious adverse effects imposed by tailings than root nodules. Application of sewage sludge increased contents of total carbon (C), N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), and reduced total Zn, Pb, Cd, and DTPA-extractable Pb and Cd in tailings substrata. These, in turn, reduced metal (Zn, Pb, and Cd) uptake and accumulation in plant tissues, and improved plant growth performance, including biomass, growth rates, stem nodulation. Fifty percent (v/v) of sludge application rate was the best loading rate for plant growth.     

宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be约束贵州涟江流域沉积物埋藏历史

贵州喀斯特地区位于青藏高原向丘陵地貌转换过渡带,区内发育多级层状地貌面,是研究区域构造-气候-剥蚀耦合作用的天然实验场。本文测定了贵州省惠水县境内涟江I级阶地沉积物中原位宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be和²⁶Al浓度,通过暴露-埋藏模型对沉积物埋藏历史和物源进行研究。与前人研究结果相比,涟江流域单核素剥蚀速率（¹⁰Be平均剥蚀速率为10.85±0.97 m/Ma）显著低于贵州高原其他流域。结合双核素暴露-埋藏模型,研究结果表明更新世以来沉积物样品可能经历了复杂暴露-埋藏-再暴露过程,其物源可能是异地埋藏或洞穴堆积等非稳态剥蚀区。宇宙成因核素对²⁶Al-¹⁰Be联用能有效判别非稳态剥蚀过程,弥补了单核素不能表征沉积物埋藏历史的不足。     

Arsenic biotransformation in industrial wastewater treatment residue: Effect of co-existing Shewanella sp. ANA-3 and MR-1

Shewanella sp. ANA-3 with the respiratory arsenate reductase (ArrAB) and MR-1 with ferric reduction ability always coexist in the presence of high arsenic (As)-containing waste residue. However, their synergistic impacts on As transformation and mobility remain unclear. To identify which bacterium, ANA-3 or MR-1, dominates As mobility in the coexisting environment, we explored the As biotransformation in the industrial waste residue in the presence of Shewanella sp. ANA-3 and MR-1. The incubation results show that As(III) was the main soluble species, and strain ANA-3 dominated As mobilization. The impact of ANA-3 was weakened by MR-1, probably due to the survival competition between these two bacteria. The results of micro X-ray fluorescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses further reveal the pathway for ANA-3 to enhance As mobility. Strain ANA-3 almost reduced 100% surface-bound Fe(III), and consequently led to As(V) release. The dissolved As(V) was then reduced to As(III) by ANA-3. The results of this study help to understand the fate of arsenic in the subsurface and highlight the importance of the safe disposal of high As-containing industrial waste.     

Effect of preparation method of noble metal supported catalyts on formaldehyde oxidation at room temperature: Gas or liquid phase reduction

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is toxic to the human body and is one of the main threats to the indoor air quality (IAQ). As such, the removal of HCHO is imperative to improving the IAQ, whereby the most useful method to effectively remove HCHO at room temperature is catalytic oxidation. This review discusses catalysts for HCHO room-temperature oxidation, which are categorized according to their preparation methods, i.e., gas-phase reduction and liquid-phase reduction methods. The HCHO oxidation performances, structural features, and reaction mechanisms of the different catalysts are discussed, and directions for future research on catalytic oxidation are reviewed.