改进的硫酸盐-聚乙烯醇法包埋藻菌脱氮除磷研究

采用改进的硫酸盐-PVA固定化法将藻与菌混合固定。在三种不同藻菌比的情况下，固定化系统对氮去除均可达100％，但是去除速度与固定的细菌量有关，细菌量越大，对氮的去除速度越快；对磷的去除随实验进行，最大去除率逐步下降，其下降速度与固定藻的量有关，藻量越大，下降速度越慢。由此说明脱氮的主要贡献者是细菌，而藻对除磷起了主要作用。为达到有效的脱氮除磷，应适当提高固定化藻的浓度，藻菌比应大于2：1。透射电镜照片显示，在聚乙烯醇载体上，藻类的生长没有受到限制。     

超细TiO2粒子的超滤分离及回用特性

针对TiO2超细粒子的超滤分离特性进行了试验研究,探讨了操作压力、膜面流速、TiO2投量、pH、电解质等参数条件对膜通量的影响规律及作用机理,证实了浓差极化及滤饼层阻力是影响通量变化的主导因素,在此基础上确定了适宜的超滤工艺条件及膜清洗方式.以甲基橙为降解基质分别测试了经混凝与超滤分离后的TiO2光催化活性,结果表明,超滤不仅可实现TiO2粒子与水的彻底分离,且分离后TiO2催化活性与初次使用相当.研究表明超滤用于悬浮光催化体系的固液分离及催化剂再用是可行的.     

Outdoor/Indoor/Personal ozone exposures of children in Nashville, Tennessee

An ozone (O3) exposure study was conducted in Nashville, TN, using passive O3 samplers to measure six weekly outdoor, indoor, and personal O3 exposure estimates for a group of 10- to 12-yr-old elementary school children. Thirty-six children from two Nashville area communities (Inglewood and Hendersonville) participated in the O3 sampling program, and 99 children provided additional time-activity information by telephone interview. By design, this study coincided with the 1994 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study conducted by the Southern Oxidants Study, which provided enhanced continuous ambient O3 monitoring across the Nashville area. Passive sampling estimated weekly average outdoor O3 concentrations from 0.011 to 0.O30 ppm in the urban Inglewood community and from 0.015 to 0.042 ppm in suburban Hendersonville. The maximum 1- and 8-hr ambient concentrations encountered at the Hendersonville continuous monitor exceeded the levels of the 1- and 8-hr metrics for the O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Weekly average personal O3 exposures ranged from 0.0013 to 0.0064 ppm (7-31% of outdoor levels). Personal O3 exposures reflected the proportional amount of time spent in indoor and outdoor environments. Air-conditioned homes displayed very low indoor O3 concentrations, and homes using open windows and fans for ventilation displayed much higher concentrations.     

新型沸石填料间歇硝化反应器的研究

介绍一种新型沸石填料 ,用于提高生物脱氮系统中硝化反应器的硝化性能。试验结果表明 ,应用了沸石填料的硝化反应器的硝化性能得到了显著提高 ,在脱氮效率和速率上 ,与普通生物载体硝化反应器相比具有明显的优势。硝化反应器连续运行 17d ,出水氨氮基本在 1mg/L以下 ,氨氮去除率在 97%以上。该系统停止运行 5 0d后再次启动 ,一周内硝化性能得以恢复     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用，给人类带来了较大危害。为此，采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理。试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标，选用L25（5^6）正交试验方案，考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素。结果表明，pH值这一因素有极显著影响；在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下，获得了99．5％的脱氯率，为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径。     

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon

When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.     

Aluminum formate (AF): Synthesis, characterization and application in dye wastewater treatment

Aluminum formate (AF), a degradable and non-corrosive coagulant, was synthesized from aluminum hydroxide and formic acid. Polyamidine (PA), as a coagulation aid, was combined with AF for dye wastewater treatment. AF was characterized by XPS, FT-IR, viscosity, zeta potential, mass spectrum and XRD, and the flocculation properties of the dual-coagulation system were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The results showed that COOH, Al₂O₃-Al and O₂-Al bonds were formed in the AF synthesis process, and AF had a higher molecular weight and higher charge neutralization ability than PAC. The hydrolysates of AF were determined to contain Al₁₃ Al₁₁ and Al₂, and the components of AF were confirmed to comprise a mixture including aluminum formate (C₃H₃AlO₆) and its hydrate. When the color removal efficiency reached 100% in jar tests, the optimized dosage of AF/PA was 18.91/0.71 mg/L, while the optimized dosage of PAC/PA was 21.19/0.91 mg/L. According to the variance analysis, the interaction between AF/PA and PAC/PA were insignificant in macroscopic view. FT-IR spectrum indicated AF captured pollutant by means of CCO bond, PAC captured pollutant by δ CH, CC and δ CH. Overall, although the coagulation mechanism of AF was different from that of PAC, AF/PA showed better coagulation efficiency than PAC/PA in dye wastewater treatment.     

于桥水库沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征及交换通量

于桥水库是天津市重要的饮用水源地,但近年来呈现富营养化加重趋势,而其内源负荷及污染分布特征尚不清楚.本研究利用Peeper(pore water equilibrium)技术获取沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征,分析于桥水库间隙水氮磷分布的空间差异;采集沉积物无扰动柱样分析沉积物中易释放态氮及磷的赋存特征,并利用原柱样静态培养法对其水土界面氮磷交换速率进行估算.结果表明:(1)沉积物中活性磷、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的含量分别为0.5~6.5、0.5~10.9、2.2~16.2和0.05~0.6 mg·kg~(-1),在垂直方向随深度增加营养盐含量降低,而在空间分布上差异显著.(2)上覆水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度较低,间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度远大于上覆水,表明于桥水库间隙水具有向上覆水体扩散营养盐的潜力.在垂直方向上间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N具有在0~5 cm快速增加,之后表现出逐渐降低的趋势.(3)静态释放结果表明,PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N从沉积物间隙水扩散至上覆水中,其释放通量分别为1.1~13.3 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和20.6~250.5 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);NO-3-N交换通量在-20.4~33.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间,NO_2~--N交换通量在-7.4~0.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间.PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N为于桥水库主要的沉积物内源向上覆水释放营养盐,总体释放速率在空间上呈现南高北低、淋河口和水坝前较高的释放特征.与类似研究比较可知,于桥水库沉积物-水界面通量相对较高,表明沉积物是于桥水库上覆水营养盐的重要来源.     

生物炭的制备及其镁改性对污染物的吸附行为研究

以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,于不同温度下制备了生物炭样品,并采用氯化镁(MgCl_2)、乙酸镁(Mg(CH_3COO)_2)和硝酸镁(Mg(NO_3)_2)对秸秆及其生物炭进行改性.通过分析各生物炭产率、pH、元素分析、比表面积、CEC、XRD及FT-IR,探究了生物炭理化性质的变化规律.各样品对氨氮、Pb(Ⅱ)及乙草胺的吸附试验结果表明:小麦秸秆经Mg(CH_3COO)_2改性后得到的生物炭的饱和吸附量最大;对3种吸附质的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学方程;低浓度下吸附过程均可自发进行,对氨氮的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以离子交换作用为主,对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型且以离子交换作用为主,对乙草胺的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以分配、氢键和π-π电子受体供体作用为主.     

温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.