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161.
Studying evolutionary mechanisms in natural populations often requires testing multifactorial scenarios of causality involving direct and indirect relationships among individual and environmental variables. It is also essential to account for the imperfect detection of individuals to provide unbiased demographic parameter estimates. To cope with these issues, we developed a new approach combining structural equation models with capture-recapture models (CR-SEM) that allows the investigation of competing hypotheses about individual and environmental variability observed in demographic parameters. We employ Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling in a Bayesian framework to (1) estimate model parameters, (2) implement a model selection procedure to evaluate competing hypotheses about causal mechanisms, and (3) assess the fit of models to data using posterior predictive checks. We illustrate the value of our approach using two case studies on wild bird populations. We first show that CR-SEM can be useful to quantify the action of selection on a set of phenotypic traits with an analysis of selection gradients on morphological traits in Common Blackbirds (Turdus merula). In a second case study on Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), we illustrate the use of CR-SEM to study evolutionary trade-offs in the wild, while accounting for varying environmental conditions. 相似文献
162.
163.
A photochemical smog model system, the Variable-Grid Urban Airshed Model/Systems Applications International Mesoscale Model (UAM-V/SAIMM), was used to investigate photochemical pollution in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). The model system was first applied to simulate a historical photochemical smog episode of two days (January 13-14, 1997) using the 1997 anthropogenic emission database available at the Pollution Control Department and an estimated biogenic emission. The output 1-hr ozone (O3) for BMR, however, did not meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency suggested performance criteria. The simulated minimum and maximum O3 values in the domain were much higher than the observations. Multiple model runs with different precursor emission reduction scenarios showed that the best model performance with the simulated 1-hr O3 meeting all the criteria was obtained when the volatile organic compound (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission from mobile source reduced by 50% and carbon monoxide by 20% from the original database. Various combinations of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions in Bangkok and surrounding provinces were simulated to assess the contribution of different sources to O3 pollution in the city. O3 formation in Bangkok was found to be more VOC-sensitive than NOx-sensitive. To attain the Thailand ambient air quality standard for 1-hr O3 of 100 ppb, VOC emission in BMR should be reduced by 50-60%. Management strategies considered in the scenario study consist of Stage I, Stage II vapor control, replacement of two-stroke by four-stroke motorcycles, 100% compressed natural gas bus, 100% natural gas-fired power plants, and replacement of methyltertiarybutylether by ethanol as an additive for gasoline. 相似文献
164.
Duong Hung Cong Nghiem Long Duc Ansari Ashley Joy Vu Thao Dinh Nguyen Khai Manh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(28):41941-41952
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Membrane distillation (MD) has been increasingly explored for treatment of various hyper saline waters, including lithium chloride (LiCl) solutions... 相似文献
165.
Claire Joly Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard André Léké Karen Chardon Stéphane Delanaud Véronique Bach Hafida Khorsi-Cauet 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):2726-2734
The impact of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the mammalian digestive system has been poorly described. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of chronic, low-dose exposure to CPF on the composition of the gut microbiota in a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem: the SHIME® and in rats. The SHIME® comprises six reactor vessels (stomach to colon). The colonic segments were inoculated with feces from healthy humans. Then, the simulator was exposed to a daily dose of 1 mg of CPF for 30 days. The changes over time in the populations of bacteria were examined at different time points: prior to pesticide exposure (as a control) and after exposure. In parallel, pregnant rats were gavaged daily with 1 mg/kg of CPF (or vehicle) until the pups were weaned. Next, the rats were gavaged with same dose of CPF until 60 days of age (adulthood). Then, samples of different parts of the digestive tract were collected under sterile conditions for microbiological assessment. Chronic, low-dose exposure to CPF in the SHIME® and in the rat was found to induce dysbiosis in the microbial community with, in particular, proliferation of subpopulations of some strains and a decrease in the numbers of others bacteria. In compliance with European guidelines, the use of the SHIME® in vitro tool would help to (1) elucidate the final health effect of toxic agents and (2) minimize (though not fully replace) animal testing. Indeed, certain parameters would still have to be studied further in vivo. 相似文献
166.
Claire V. Dowding Richard F. Shore Philip J. Baker Stephen Harris 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(1):161-166
Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant rodenticides have largely focussed on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. We investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low-level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques. 相似文献
167.
168.
Rita Covas Morné A. du Plessis Claire Doutrelant 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(1):103-112
Some studies on the effects of helpers in cooperatively breeding vertebrates show a positive effect of helper presence on
reproductive output whereas others find no effect. One possibility for this discrepancy is that helpers may have a positive
effect when breeding conditions are adverse, while their effect might go unnoticed under good conditions. We investigate this
hypothesis on sociable weavers Philetairus socius, a colonial cooperatively breeding passerine that inhabits a semi-arid region where breeding conditions vary markedly. We
used multivariate mixed models to analyse the effect of helpers on reproduction under contrasting environmental and social
conditions while controlling for parental and colony identity. We found that reproductive success in sociable weavers was
primarily influenced by nest predation and rainfall. In addition, colony size was negatively associated with hatching and
fledging success and number of young fledged per season. Helpers had a less prominent but significant influence on feeding
rates and reproductive outcome. In agreement with expectations, the presence of helpers counteracted some of the negative
effects of breeding in periods of low rainfall or in large colonies and was also associated with an increased number of young
fledged per season. Our results illustrate that the effect of helpers might be detectable mostly under unfavourable conditions,
but can contribute to improve reproductive performance in those situations. 相似文献
169.
Claire Brussol Matthew Duane Patrick Carlier Dimitrios Kotzias 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(3):138-140
The photo-induced degradation of naphthalene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-naphthol and 1-NO2 naphthalene, adsorbed on silica gel, and with the addition of nitrogenous air pollutants e.g. NO2 (as KNO2) was investigated. Results indicate that compounds adsorbed onto a solid carrier are degraded when irradiated with UV light
(λ > 290 nm) in the presence of nitrites. The key species initiating the naphthalene degradation is the OH-radical which is
generated through the photolysis of NO2. Reaction products identified were 2-formyl-cinnamaldehyde, 1,4-naphthoquinone, nitronaphthol, o-phthaldialdehyde, phthalide
and nitronaphthalene. A mass balance between 40–50% was achieved. Under the same irradiation conditions, 1-NO2 naphthalene is mainly degraded by direct photolysis while degradation of 1-naphthol and 1,4-naphthoquinone proceeds via the
reaction with OH-radicals. Identified products were hydroxy-nitro-nitroso- and quinones compounds. 相似文献
170.
Thuan Van Tran Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen Hanh T.N. Le Dai-Viet N. Vo Sonil Nand Trinh Duy Nguyen 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(7):137-150
Aquatic contamination of diclofenac(DCF), an emergent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs), can result in adverse effects to many ecosystems through biomagnification.Hence, introducing effective remediation techniques to sequester the pharmaceutical wastes is highly fundamental to prevent their accumulation in the environment. Generally,adsorption has been presented as a green and efficient approach. Herein, we report the characterization and application of the novel magnetic nanocomposi... 相似文献