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521.
522.
Jeffrey D. Williams Andrew R. Becker Mark J. Girovich 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1050-1054
A three-dimensional flow model of a hazardous waste incinerator kiln and vertical secondary combustion chamber arrangement was constructed to evaluate critical system parameters. The chamber wall configuration, location and arrangement of burners, and the positioning of the outlet duct were examined to determine the critical secondary combustion chamber gas residence time and mixing of the combustion flows. The scale model consisted of the rotary kiln as a primary combustion chamber, the secondary combustion chamber, two burners, and the exhaust ducting. Flue gas velocities in the model inlets and outlet were maintained to provide a Reynolds numbers equal to the full size unit. Patterns of smoke which were injected into the model inlets were viewed to evaluate flow mixing. Slow motion playback of video tape was used to determine the minimum residence time of flow in the high temperature combustion zone. The results of the model study were used to complete the engineering of a waste incineration system. 相似文献
523.
Daniel Grosjean Edwin L. Williams II 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):805-809
A one-year survey of air quality has been carried out at two southern California inland locations, Perris and Palm Springs (90 km E-SE and 120 km E of Los Angeles) to evaluate transport of photochemical smog from the Los Angeles area and to assess population exposure to toxic air pollutants in the Coachella Valley and eastern Riverside County. Air pollutants measured included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, nitric acid, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Acetic acid was also measured as part of the time-integrated method employed to measure PAN. In addition, intensive studies were carried out at both locations and included measurements of aldehydes, nitric acid, PAN, peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), methylchloroform and tetrachloroethylene. Maximum concentrations of HCHO, CH3CHO, HNO3, PAN, PPN, CH3COOH and C2CI4 were 26, 21, 4.5, 7.6, 0.42, 6.6 and 0.29 ppb in Palm Springs and 15, 30, 6.3, 9.1, 0.73, 7.8 and 0.43 ppb in Perris. Pollutant concentrations measured in Palm Springs and Perris are compared to those measured in the Los Angeles area, and are discussed in terms of formation and removal during transport. 相似文献
524.
525.
Johnson AC Keller V Williams RJ Young A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(1):155-165
An existing GIS hydrology water quality model, LF2000-WQX, was applied to predict the concentrations of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac and propranalol in catchments. As a practical exercise the predominantly rural Tamar (UK) catchment was chosen. Consumption, excretion, and fate data were used to estimate the pharmaceutical input load for the model. The predicted concentrations throughout most of the catchment were 1 ng/L or less under low flow (90th percentile) conditions. However, at a few locations, downstream of small sewage treatment plants, concentrations above 25 ng/L were predicted. This exercise shows that it is relatively straightforward to predict the concentrations of new and emerging organic microcontaminants in real catchments using existing GIS hydrology water quality models. Further testing will be required to establish their accuracy. 相似文献
526.
PROBLEM: This study aimed to provide an assessment of the contribution of design to the occurrence of fatal work-related injuries in Australia. METHODS: The Australian National Coroners' Information System was the data source for fatal injuries. Deaths resulting from workplace injuries on or between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2002 were included. RESULTS: Seventy seven (37%) of the 210 identified workplace fatalities definitely or probably had design-related issues involved. In another 29 (14%), the circumstances were suggestive that design issues were involved. The most common scenarios involved problems with rollover protective structures and/or associated seat belts; inadequate guarding; lack of residual current devices; inadequate fall protection; failed hydraulic lifting systems in vehicles and mobile equipment; and inadequate protection mechanisms on mobile plant and vehicles. SUMMARY: Design is a significant contributor to work-related fatal injury in Australia. There is considerable scope for preventing serious work-related injury through improving design of plant, equipment, and vehicles used for work-related purposes. 相似文献
527.
528.
J. W. Chapman Trevor Williams Ana M. Martínez Juan Cisneros Primitivo Caballero Ronald D. Cave Dave Goulson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(4):321-327
The incidence of cannibalism of larval Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize under field conditions was investigated using field cages. Cannibalism was found to account
for approximately 40% mortality when maize plants were infested with two or four fourth-instar larvae over a 3-day period.
Field trials examined the effect of larval density on the prevalence of natural enemies of S. frugiperda. The abundance of predators (earwigs, staphylinids, other predatory beetles, and Chrysoperla spp.) was significantly greater on maize plants with higher levels of larval feeding damage, while the relationship between
predator abundance and number of S. frugiperda larvae per plant was less clear. As larval damage is probably a more reliable indicator of previous larval density than numbers
collected at an evaluation, this indicates that predation risk will be greater for larvae living in large groups. Parasitism
accounted for 7.1% mortality of larvae in sorghum, and involved six species of Hymenoptera and Tachinidae. There was no effect
of larval density or within-plant distribution on the probability of larval attack by parasitoids. The selective benefits
of cannibalism, in relation to the risk of predation and parasitism, are discussed.
Received: 23 March 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000 相似文献
529.
Oliver R. Price Richard J. Williams Roger van Egmond 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):356-5942
Current regulatory environmental exposure assessments for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), used in a range of personal care products, are based on a number of erroneous assumptions. Using an estimated D5 flux to waste water of 11.6 mg cap−1 d−1, a 95.2% removal rate in Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and a dilution factor of 10 results in modelled surface water concentrations that are up to an order of magnitude higher than concentrations observed downstream of STPs in two UK rivers. A GIS-based water quality model (LF2000-WQX) was used to predict concentrations of D5 in two UK rivers. Assuming the STP removal rate is reasonable, a waste water flux of 2.4 mg cap−1 d−1 is needed in order to obtain a reasonable match between predicted and observed in-river concentrations. This flux is consistent with measured effluent concentrations. The results highlight major uncertainties in estimating chemical emission rates for volatile chemicals used in personal care products and suggest that measured concentrations in waste water are needed to refine exposure assessments. 相似文献
530.
Thallada Bhaskar Nona Merry M. Mitan Jude A. Onwudili Akinori Muto Paul T. Williams Yusaku Sakata 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(4):332-340
Pyrolysis of brominated flame retardant-containing high-impact polystyrene (HIPS-Br) was performed at 430°C in the presence
of 0.1 wt% of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in a Pyrex glass reactor. Two different types of brominated flame retardants
(decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane) with or without antimony trioxide (as synergist) 5 wt% were used. The
presence of PET had a significant effect on the material balance, decreasing the gaseous product and increasing the residue.
The type of flame retardant had no effect on the yield of liquid product; however, the presence of Sb resulted in a marked
difference in the distribution of decomposition products. Analysis by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization
detector showed that the hydrocarbons were distributed in the range n-C7 to n-C25 with major peaks at n-C9 and n-C17. The presence of PET increased the formation of brominated compounds by several times and affected both the type and quantity
of polybrominated compounds. The liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of HIPS-Br/PET have to be treated before they
can be used 相似文献