国内外生态环境观测研究台站网络发展概况

生态环境观测研究台站是开展生态环境研究的重要手段。《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"能力建设重点内容。分析了目前国内外主要生态环境监测网络,如区域尺度的全球环境监测系统(GEMS)、全球陆地观测系统(GTOS)、国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)、全球通量观测网络(FLUXNET)和国际生物多样性观测网络(GEO·BON),以及国家尺度的美国长期生态研究网络(US-LTER)、英国环境变化监测网络(ECN)和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的发展历程、观测研究进展;总结了生态环境监测网站的发展趋势,即重视台站的联网观测研究,注重观测标准化和规范化及数据共享,重视观测手段智能化与自动化,注重综合观测与模型模拟相结合;提出国家环境保护生态监测台站网络是现有国家环境监测网络的拓展和完善,也是今后开展区域生态环境综合监测与评估的重要基础。     

Elemental and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols from high Himalayas

Atmospheric aerosols were collected during the scientific expedition to Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) in May–June, 2005. The elemental concentrations of the aerosols were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This yielded data for the concentration of 14 elements: Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The mean elemental concentrations were generally comparable with those from central Asia and the Arctic, while much higher than those from Antarctic. Size, morphology, and chemical composition of 900 individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Based on morphology and elemental composition, the particles were clustered into eight groups: soot (8%), tar ball (3%), alumosilicates/silica (55%), calcium sulfate (16%), Ca/Mg carbonate (2%), Fe/Ti-rich particles (3%), Pb-rich particles (1%), and biological particles (12%). The sampling site, located at 6,520 m in the Himalayas, is particularly remote and located at high altitude. Nonetheless, high aerosol enrichment factors for copper, chromium, lead, nickel, vanadium, and zinc all suggest the influence of long-range transported pollution, while enrichment in calcium and the presence of alumino-silicates in individual particle analyses indicates a distinct mineral dust influence. The backward air mass trajectories showed that the northwestern part of India may contribute to the atmospheric aerosol in the central high Himalayas.     

Trace elements (Cu,Zn, and Hg) and δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C/δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N in seabird subfossils from three islands of the South China Sea and its implications

Seabird subfossils were collected on three islands of the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Via elemental analysis, we identified that bird guano was a significant source for heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Hg. Cu and Zn levels in these guano samples are comparable to their levels in wildbird feces, but guano Hg was lower than previously reported. Trophic positions significantly impacted transfer efficiency of heavy metals by seabirds. Despite of a common source, trace elements, as well as stable isotopes (i.e., guano δ¹³C and collagen δ¹⁵N), showed island-specific characteristics. Bird subfossils on larger island had relatively greater metal concentrations and revealed higher trophic positions. Partition of element and isotope levels among the islands suggested that transfer efficacy of seabirds on different islands was different, and bird species were probably unevenly distributed among the islets. Island area is possibly a driving factor for distributions of seabird species.     

土壤环境样品库建设及样品信息数据库管理

土壤样品携载丰富的环境特征信息,对于掌握不同历史阶段土壤环境状况及变化趋势有着不可替代的作用。环境保护部国家土壤环境样品库于2010年建成,是中国环境保护重要基础设施,具有储存专业化、管理集中化、信息系统化、质控标准化等特点,创新性地集合了土壤样品保存和应用的现代技术,已成为中国最大的土壤环境资源和信息平台。通过开展国家土壤样品库建设和样品信息数据库管理研究,集成国家土壤样品库建设技术和土壤样品数据库信息管理成果,为各地建立省级土壤样品库提供借鉴,对于规范和指导全国土壤环境样品库建设和样品保存、数据库信息管理和应用等具有重要意义。     

Characteristics and impacts of trace elements in atmospheric deposition at a high-elevation site,southern China

To investigate the regional background trace element (TE) level in atmospheric deposition (dry and wet), TEs (Fe, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Ba, and Pb) in 52 rainwater samples and 73 total suspended particles (TSP) samples collected in Mt. Lushan, Southern China, were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that TEs in wet and dry deposition of the target area were significantly elevated compared within and outside China and the volume weight mean pH of rainwater was 4.43. The relative contributions of wet and dry depositions of TEs vary significantly among elements. The wet deposition fluxes of V, As, Cr, Se, Zn, and Cd exceeded considerably their dry deposition fluxes while dry deposition dominated the removal of pollution elements such as Mo, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Al. The summed dry deposition flux was four times higher than the summed wet deposition flux. Prediction results based on a simple accumulation model found that the content of seven toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in soils could increase rapidly due to the impact of annual atmospheric deposition, and the increasing amounts of them reached 0.063, 0.012, 0.026, 0.459, 0.076, 0.004, and 0.145 mg kg^?1, respectively. In addition, the annual increasing rates ranged from 0.05% (Cr and Ni) to 2.08% (Cd). It was also predicted that atmospheric deposition induced the accumulation of Cr and Cd in surface soils. Cd was the critical element with the greatest potential ecological risk among all the elements in atmospheric deposition.     

氨态氮对菲律宾蛤仔毒理机制研究的内参基因筛选

为了准确和系统地分析NH_3-N对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)毒性的分子机制,并对相关基因的转录组学数据进行验证,利用ge Norm和Normfinder这2种软件,以暴露30 d中不同时间点的鳃组织c DNA为模板,从18S r RNA(18S)、beta-actin(Actin)、beta-tubulin(Tubu)、elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1α)、cyclophilin A(Cy PA)、Ubiquitin(Ub)等6个备选管家基因中,筛选可以稳定表达的内参基因,作为转录组学分析的内参基因。以稀释50倍的鳃组织c DNA模板作为检测模板,ge Norm软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性依次为:EF1αCy PAActinTubuUb18S,较优内参为EF1α和Cy PA;Norm Finder软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性为:EF1αActinTubuCy PAUb18S,最优内参基因为EF1α。为了验证上述筛选结果,分别以EF1α和Cy PA作为内参基因研究unigene1的表达趋势,发现以EF1α为内参基因时,unigene1的q RT-PCR的表达趋势与其转录组表达倍数的变化趋势一致。因此确定NH_3-N暴露菲律宾蛤仔后,鳃组织中表达最为稳定的内参基因为EF1α。     

Bacterial community structure and microorganism inactivation following water treatment with ferrate(VI) or chlorine

Drinking water disinfection plays a critical role in protecting humans from waterborne pathogens. Ferrate(VI) (Fe^VIO₄ ^2?) has also been proposed as a disinfectant. This is the first study investigating the bacterial microbiomes of ferrate(VI)-treated water compared to chlorinated water. Tested water was collected after sand filtration and before disinfection from a drinking water treatment plant at Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China. A culture-independent method utilizing propidium monoazide was used with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to distinguish between the viable and nonviable bacterial populations. The operational taxonomic units and α-diversity indexes of the live bacterial phylotypes in the samples were determined. Viable bacteria remained in all samples following chlorination or ferrate treatment. However, the genera Vibrio, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Plesiomonas, Legionella, and Helicobacter, which contain important human pathogens, were not present among the 25 dominant genera seen in these samples. The profiles of the bacteria remaining after treatment with either chlorine or ferrate differed. The ferrate-treated samples showed a reduced percent relative abundance of operational taxonomic units of the class Alphaproteobacteria within the total remaining viable bacteria. The genera Flavobacterium and Duganella were relatively resistant to treatment by either chlorine or ferrate(VI). At the highest doses of chlorine and ferrate(VI), the genus Sphingobium represented a greater percentage of live bacteria in the chlorinated sample than in the ferrate(VI)-treated sample. The results suggest that ferrate(VI) and chlorine could inactivate slightly different sets of bacteria and could have different mechanisms of bacterial inactivation.     

有机氯农药硫丹的生殖毒性及其机制研究进展

硫丹作为一种广谱有机氯农药,在农业区域周边的土壤和水体中都存在较高残留,2011年被斯德哥尔摩公约列入持久性有机污染物(POPs)名单。硫丹已被证实对神经系统、心血管系统、肝、肾等具有毒性作用,关于其生殖毒性的研究很多,但潜在机制尚不完全清楚。本文总结了硫丹导致的不同动物的生殖毒性,并从生殖器官和生殖细胞损伤、氧化应激以及DNA损伤、生殖细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡等方面,对近年来硫丹生殖毒性及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,并对其中存在的问题进行讨论,以期有助于深入了解硫丹的毒性效应。     

Thermogravimetric and XRD study of the effects of chloride salts on the thermal decomposition of mercury compounds

In this paper, the effects of chloride salt (MgCl₂, CaCl₂ or NaCl) addition on the thermal decomposition of five inorganic mercury compounds (HgCl₂, HgS, Hg(NO₃)₂·H₂O, HgO, and HgSO₄) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Mercury-contaminated soil samples collected from Inner Mongolia were used to verify the results. The desorption temperatures of the mercury compounds increased in the following order: HgCl = HgCl₂ < HgS < Hg(NO₃)₂·H₂O < HgO < HgSO₄. Among the chloride salts, MgCl₂ had the greatest effect on thermal desorption of the mercury compounds, with the greatest reduction in the initial temperature of thermal desorption. After MgCl₂ treatment, the mercury removal rates for the soil were 65.67–81.35 % (sample A), 70.74–84.91 % (sample B), and 69.08 % (sample C). The increase in the mercury removal rate for sample C with addition of MgCl₂ was particularly large (34.96–69.08 %). X-Ray diffraction analysis of white crystals from the thermal desorption with MgCl₂ indicated that MgCl₂ promoted conversion of the mercury compounds in the soil to mercury(II) chloride and dimercury dichloride. This transformation is beneficial for applying thermal desorption to remedy mercury-contaminated soils and treat of mercury containing waste.     

从供应链模式看校企合作的功能与约束条件

将企业供应链管理理论引入到职业教育研究,指出供应链能够降低校企合作的交易成本、机会成本和管理成本,而实现上述功能必须以树立集成化供应链管理观念、构建校企合作的激励与利益协调机制、搭建校企合作的网络信息平台、重组高职院校组织结构与流程为条件。