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91.
Dirk J. Roux Richard T. Kingsford Carly N. Cook Jane Carruthers Katrina Dickson Marc Hockings 《Conservation biology》2019,33(6):1266-1274
Although protected areas represent a pivotal response to escalating anthropogenic threats, they face many pressures, inside and outside their boundaries. Amid these challenges, effective conservation is guided by evidence-based decision making supported by dynamic processes of learning and knowledge exchange. Although different models promote knowledge exchange, embedding research scientists within conservation agencies is best suited to supporting evidence-based conservation. Based on available literature and our experiences on several continents, we considered the benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with embedding research scientists within conservation agencies and the research required to better understand the effectiveness of the embedding model for evidence-based conservation. Embedded researchers provide long-term commitment to building social capital among academic and nonacademic stakeholders; act as skilled gatekeepers who increase 2-way flow of knowledge between scientists and managers; attract, coordinate, and support management-relevant external research projects; drive the design and maintenance of long-term monitoring; and align their research with information needs. Notwithstanding the many benefits, research capacity of conservation agencies is declining worldwide. A significant challenge is that the values, structures, functions, and effectiveness of the embedding model of knowledge exchange remain poorly evaluated and documented. Also, embedded researchers have to balance their desire for creativity and flexibility with the standardization and quality control required by their public sector agencies; may be perceived as not credible because they are not truly independent of their agency; and have to couple scientific productivity with skills for transdisciplinary research, social facilitation, and stakeholder engagement. Systematic research on embedding and other models of knowledge exchange, across different world contexts, is required to better understand the benefits, costs, and institutional arrangements associated with different models. 相似文献
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93.
Sina Moradi Sanly Liu Christopher W.K. Chow John van Leeuwen David Cook Mary Drikas Rose Amal 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(7):170-179
The management of chloramine decay and the prevention of nitrification are some of the critical issues faced by water utilities that use chloramine as a disinfectant.In this study,potential association between high performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC)data obtained with multiple wavelength Ultraviolet(UV) detection from two drinking water distribution systems in Australia and nitrification occurrence was investigated.An increase in the absorbance signal of HPSEC profiles with UV detection at λ = 230 nm between apparent molecular weights of 200 to 1000 Da was observed at sampling sites that experienced rapid chloramine decay and nitrification while its absorbance signal at λ =254 nm decreased.A chloramine decay index(C.D.I) defined as the ratio of area beneath the HPSEC spectra at two different wavelengths of 230 and 254 nm,was used in assessing chloramine decay occurrences.The C.D.Is of waters at locations that experienced nitrification were consistently higher than locations not experiencing nitrification.A simulated laboratory study showed that the formation of nitrite/nitrate and/or soluble microbial products and/or the release of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) during nitrification may contribute to the C.D.I.increase.These findings suggest that C.D.I derived from HPSEC with multiple wavelength UV detection could be an informative index to track the occurrence of rapid chloramine decay and nitrification. 相似文献
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95.
Martin D’Agostino Nigel Cook David Rodriguez-Lazaro Saskia Rutjes 《Food and environmental virology》2011,3(2):55-60
The most effective methods for virus detection in food and environmental samples are those based on nucleic acid amplification.
Complex methods must be applied by the analyst in order to control for false negative results of virus detection assays in
those samples that may be contaminated by virus concentrations above the detection level. The verification of analytical results
is a necessity and this depends on using an appropriate suite of controls to monitor the efficacy of the critical steps in
the method and allow correct result interpretations to be made. We describe the suite of controls necessary for analysing
food and environmental samples for the presence of enteric viruses by nucleic acid amplification-based methods. To exclude
false negative and positive interpretations of results, the inclusion of this suite of controls will be essential when considering
incorporating monitoring of viruses in food or environmental safety management plans. 相似文献
96.
G.T. Cook M.S. Baxter H.J. Duncan R. Malcolmson 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1984,1(2):119-131
Geochemical associations of plutonium and artificial γ-emitting radionuclides have been investigated in soils and marine particulate material from the immediate vicinity of the Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment (DNPDE) Caithness. The artificial radionuclides present in these materials arise from a variety of sources: world-wide nuclear weapons test fallout, direct deposition from atmospheric discharges at DNPD, and the return to land of activity previously discharged to sea (containing contributions from Dounreay and Sellafield). The levels, although sufficient to permit satisfactorily low counting errors, are of negligible radiological significance, the plutonium being more than 1000 times less than the NRPB Generalised Derived Limit (GDL) for well-mixed soil. Sequential leaching using selective extractants was performed to quantify the percentages of each nuclide in the following notional fractions: (a) readily available, (b) exchangeable and bound at specific adsorption sites, (c) chelated as insoluble organic complexes, (d) associated with sesquioxides, and (e) residual. Plutonium was found to be associated mainly with phases (c) and (d), while the γ-emitters present in the marine particulate material showed quite varied distributions. The degree of chemical fixation in the particulates follows the sequence 40K137Cs106Ru125Sb239,240Pu144Ce60Co154,155Eu. 相似文献
97.
Food and Environmental Virology - Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected in frozen strawberries which had been implicated in a large outbreak of hepatitis A in 1997. The sample was analysed after... 相似文献
98.
Brad D. Wolaver Cassandra E. Cook David L. Sunding Stephen F. Hamilton Bridget R. Scanlon Michael H. Young Xianli Xu Robert C. Reedy 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(5):1081-1101
Texas water resources, already taxed by drought and population growth, could be further stressed by possible listings of endangered aquatic species. This study estimated potential economic impacts of environmental flows (EFs) for five freshwater unionid mussels in three Central Texas basins (Brazos, Colorado, and Guadalupe‐San Antonio Rivers) that encompass 36% of Texas (~246,000 km2). A water availability model projected reductions in water supply to power, commercial and industrial, municipal, and agriculture sectors in response to possible EFs for mussels. Single‐year economic impacts were calculated using publicly available data with and without water transfers. Benefits of EFs should also be assessed, should critical habitat be proposed. Potential economic losses were highest during droughts, but were nominal (<$1 M) in wetter years — even with high EFs. Reduced supplies to San Antonio area power plants caused worst‐case impacts of a single‐year shutdown up to $107 million (M) during drought with high EFs. For other sectors in the study area, water transfers reduced worst‐case losses from $80 to $11 M per year. Implementing innovative water management strategies such as water markets, conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, aquifer storage and recovery could mitigate economic impacts if mussels — or other widely distributed aquatic species — were listed. However, approaches for defining EFs and strategies for mitigating economic impacts of EFs are needed. 相似文献
99.
The emergence of China as a global player challenges the pre-existing dominance of the OECD countries and will continue to be a crucial force for global change in coming decades. The implications of China’s rise will be most significant for low- and middle-income countries, but the outcomes will also affect China’s relations with traditional donors and the understanding of the process of development. While these issues are increasingly explored at the political and economic level, very little analysis is available for the environmental impacts that China has on low- and middle-income countries. It is well understood that China plays a major role in relation to climate change, energy use and natural resource use at the global level; however, the perspective of China’s environmental impacts on low- and middle-income countries is underexplored. This Special Issue, therefore, elaborates the rise of China from the environmental perspective and assesses the impacts of China’s rise on low- and middle-income countries for international research, policy and practice in the field of environment and development. The findings draw on insights relevant for energy, water, forestry and land issues in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 相似文献
100.
Charles Benson Philip Watson Garth Taylor Philip Cook Steve Hollenhorst 《Environmental management》2013,52(4):917-928
Yellowstone National Park visitor data were obtained from a survey collected for the National Park Service by the Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho. Travel cost models have been conducted for national parks in the United States; however, this study builds on these studies and investigates how benefits vary by types of visitors who participate in different activities while at the park. Visitor clusters were developed based on activities in which a visitor participated while at the park. The clusters were analyzed and then incorporated into a travel cost model to determine the economic value (consumer surplus) that the different visitor groups received from visiting the park. The model was estimated using a zero-truncated negative binomial regression corrected for endogenous stratification. The travel cost price variable was estimated using both 1/3 and 1/4 the wage rate to test for sensitivity to opportunity cost specification. The average benefit across all visitor cluster groups was estimated at between $235 and $276 per person per trip. However, per trip benefits varied substantially across clusters; from $90 to $103 for the “value picnickers,” to $185–$263 for the “backcountry enthusiasts,” $189–$278 for the “do it all adventurists,” $204–$303 for the “windshield tourists,” and $323–$714 for the “creature comfort” cluster group. 相似文献