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421.
Williams RL Bernard CE Dyk MB Ross JH Krieger RI 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(8):675-679
Human chemical exposures resulting from transfer of surface deposition on indoor nylon carpets may be estimated by measuring transferable residues (mu g chemical/cm2 carpet). A weighted roller developed at California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) has been extensively used to sample transferable residue for estimates of human exposure in risk characterization. A modified roller has been developed to evaluate the influence of pressure on transferable chemical residue since weight and force (or pressure, kg/m2) may vary person-to-person and activity-to-activity. A 30.5 cm diameter roller was used to apply 60 to 2100 kg/m2 to bracket pressures exerted by humans on a flat nylon-carpeted surface. Measurements of transferable cyfluthrin residues were made after 1, 7, and 21 days. Total Soxhlet extractable cyfluthrin residues were relatively constant during the test period. Residue transferability decreased during the study period. Modest increases in the transferability of surface residues were observed over the broad range of pressures applied by the modified roller. 相似文献
422.
Vyas NB Spann JW Hulse CS Gentry S Borges SL 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,133(1-3):209-214
The US Environmental Protection Agency conducts risk assessments of insecticide applications to wild birds using a model that
is limited to the dietary route of exposure. However, free-flying birds are also exposed to insecticides via the inhalation
and dermal routes. We measured azinphos-methyl residues on the skin plus feathers and the feet of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in order to quantify dermal exposure to songbirds that entered and inhabited an apple (Malus x domestica) orchard following an insecticide application. Exposure to azinphos-methyl was measured by sampling birds from an aviary
that was built around an apple tree. Birds sampled at 36 h and 7-day post-application were placed in the aviary within 1 h
after the application whereas birds exposed for 3 days were released into the aviary 4-day post-application. Residues on vegetation
and soil were also measured. Azinphos-methyl residues were detected from the skin plus feathers and the feet from all exposure
periods. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating dermal exposure into avian pesticide risk assessments. 相似文献
423.
Vyas Nimish B. Rattner Barnett A. Lockhart J. Michael Hulse Craig S. Rice Clifford P. Kuncir Frank Kritz Kevin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(49):74024-74037
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - An important component of assessing the hazards of anticoagulant rodenticides to non-target wildlife is observations in exposed free-ranging... 相似文献
424.
Holly S. Bradley Sean Tomlinson Michael D. Craig Adam T. Cross Philip W. Bateman 《Conservation biology》2022,36(1):e13667
Mitigation translocation is a subgroup of conservation translocation, categorized by a crisis-responsive time frame and the immediate goal of relocating individuals threatened with death. However, the relative successes of conservation translocations with longer time frames and broader metapopulation- and ecosystem-level considerations have been used to justify the continued implementation of mitigation translocations without adequate post hoc monitoring to confirm their effectiveness as a conservation tool. Mitigation translocations now outnumber other conservation translocations, and understanding the effectiveness of mitigation translocations is critical given limited global conservation funding especially if the mitigation translocations undermine biodiversity conservation by failing to save individuals. We assessed the effectiveness of mitigation translocations by conducting a quantitative review of the global literature. A total of 59 mitigation translocations were reviewed for their adherence to the adaptive scientific approach expected of other conservation translocations and for the testing of management options to continue improving techniques for the future. We found that mitigation translocations have not achieved their potential as an effective applied science. Most translocations focused predominantly on population establishment- and persistence-level questions, as is often seen in translocations more broadly, and less on metapopulation and ecosystem outcomes. Questions regarding the long-term impacts to the recipient ecosystem (12% of articles) and the carrying capacity of translocation sites (24% of articles) were addressed least often, despite these factors being more likely to influence ultimate success. Less than half (47%) of studies included comparison of different management techniques to facilitate practitioners selecting the most effective management actions for the future. To align mitigation translocations with the relative success of other conservation translocations, it is critical that future mitigation translocations conform to an established experimental approach to improve their effectiveness. Effective mitigation translocations will require significantly greater investment of time, expertise, and resources in the future. 相似文献