阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附研究

利用实验室制备的镁铝阴离子粘土材料,研究了其吸附水中瓜儿胶的动力学和热力学.结果表明,在瓜儿胶初始质量浓度为20～60 mg/L及温度为298～323 K时,阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附动力学符合准二级速率方程.阴离子枯土对瓜儿胶的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,吸附是吸热反应,吸附量随温度升高而略有增加,但吸附表观活化能只有18.13kJ/mol,说明温度对吸附的影响不显著.实验还表明,阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附性能优于活性炭.     

土壤中咪唑啉酮类除草剂的分析及归趋研究

咪唑啉酮类除草剂具有较长的残留活性,研究其在土壤中的环境行为具有重要的意义.介绍了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的特性,评述了咪唑啉酮类除草剂在土壤中的前处理方法和分析方法以及该类除草剂在土壤中的吸附、降解和迁移特性,并针对目前的状况和存在的问题提出了今后的研究方向.     

污水厂生物除臭设施运行及影响因素的研究

在污水处理过程中会有大量的恶臭气体产生,主要含硫化氢和氨等发臭物质.这些臭味物质逸散到空气中,对污水处理厂及其周边的空气环境造成危害.针对清河污水处理厂原有生物除臭设施除臭效率难以提高的问题,对气体收集系统和生物除臭滤池内的喷淋管路进行了改造,并更换了新型生物填料.本研究对改造前后的除臭效果进行了考察,结果显示,硫化氢的平均去除率从改造前的36.5%提高到62.9%,最大去除率可以达到96.2%;氨的去除率从28.2%提高到接近100%.臭味气体的处理效果随除臭滤池的温度、气体的相对湿度的升高而提高.为此,对臭味气体的负荷、流量、温度以及湿度等因素进行了研究,在温度＞20℃、相对湿度＞80%的条件下,生物除臭滤池能够有比较理想的处理效果.     

SBR系统中活性污泥内源呼吸速率的研究

在SBR污水处理系统中应用呼吸速率测定仪对活性污泥的呼吸速率进行测定,探讨了污泥浓度和温度对内源呼吸速率的影响.对大量的比内源呼吸速率数据进行处理后发现,在混合液温度基本不变的基础上,内源呼吸速率与污泥浓度变化趋势一致,即比内源呼吸速率与污泥浓度无关;而温度对比内源呼吸速率的影响十分显著.这些结论为呼吸速率成为SBR工艺的控制参数提供了基础.     

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.     

COD/SO42-值对硫酸盐还原率的影响

研究利用 UASB反应器考察了 COD和硫酸盐浓度的比值对硫酸盐还原的影响 ,同时分析了硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌对COD的竞争情况 .发现在 HRT为 3.8h,SO₄^2- 负荷为 6～7kg·( m³· d)^-1,SO₄^2- 浓度为 1000mg·L^-1 条件下 :1在 COD不足时 ,SRB与 MPB在竞争中占微弱优势 ;对于产甲烷活性比较好的厌氧污泥要经过较长的时间 ,SRB才能确立优势菌种的地位 .2 COD/ SO₄^2- 比值决定了 SO₄^2- 的去除率 .比值等于2时 ,SO₄^2- 的还原率在 95%以上 ;当比值为 1.5时 ,SO₄^2- 还原率为 75% ;当比值为 1时 ,SO₄^2-的还原率为 60 % .     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

高速公路植物防护方法的研究

详细论述了影响基路稳定性的自然，工程和人为引起的几种因素，包括：大气降水，风沙，大环境植被条件，路基坡度，土壤装况，人畜危害，通过对这些因素的分析提出了实施生物防护工程的具体措施。（1）高速公路发化工程与其两翼绿化程的同步实施，（2）工程措施与植物的措施有机结合，（3）增加绿地覆盖指数与路基的稳定性紧密相关。（4）科学确定适宜的植物种群，（5）合理匹配植物层次。（6）提高绿化的装饰艺术，（7）植物防护措施在重点路段部位的实施。     

环境激素的种类及危害分析

环境激素（环境荷尔蒙和环境内分泌）干扰物质是一类具有高稳定性、难生物降解的持久性有机化合物,因其引起的环境污染问题受到广泛关注。本文系统地分析了环境激素类干扰物质的来源、种类及与生物体作用机制,并讨论了它们进入人体的途径以及对生物和人类的危害,通过调查国内环境激素污染问题,指出环境激素污染存在的广泛性,需要引起政府部门高度重视,进一步加强防治环境激素污染工作力度。     

模拟N、P污水对水稻幼苗过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的影响

以水稻为材料，研究了不同浓度的模拟Ｎ、Ｐ污水对幼苗过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ，ＥＣ１．１１．１．７）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯｏＤ，ＥＣ１．１５．１．１）及其同工酶等的影响，结果表明：在总氮浓度（Ｎｒ）为０─９０ｍｇ／Ｌ和总磷浓度（Ｐ＿Ｔ）为０─９ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＰＯＤ与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈正相关，Ｎ＿Ｔ超过９０ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｐ＿Ｔ超过９ｍｇ／Ｌ这一阈值后呈下降趋势，ＮＴ在０─１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｐ＿Ｔ在０─１２ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＳＯＤ，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈显著正相关；Ｎ、Ｐ能诱导产生新的同工酶带，苗高、可溶性蛋白分别与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈显著负相关．