催化动力学光度法测定水中痕量亚硝酸根

根据盐酸介质中亚硝酸根对甲基红的溴酸钾氧化反应的催化作用,建立了测定水中痕量亚硝酸根的催化动力学光度法。实验结果表明,当盐酸溶液的加入量为1.0mL、溴酸钾溶液的加入量为0.2mL、甲基红溶液的加入量为3.5mL、加热时间为5min、加热温度为50℃时,方法的检出限为1.0×10-7g/L,线性范围为5.0×10-7~1.0×10-5g/L,回收率为97.8%~103.3%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~2.6%。该法已用于废水水样中亚硝酸根的测定,结果满意。     

沼液培养小球藻生产油脂的研究

为了节约微藻生物柴油的生产成本,用沼液作为小球藻生长的培养基,可以得到微藻油脂,还可以净化沼液,从而起到了防治环境污染的作用。研究小球藻在不同浓度沼液(25%、50%、75%和100%沼液浓度)中生长和油脂积累情况,结果表明小球藻在各低浓度沼液(25%、50%沼液浓度)中能很好地生长,延滞期较短,而在高浓度沼液(75%、100%沼液浓度)中,延滞期较长,并且50%浓度沼液培养的小球藻总油脂含量最高。因此选取50%浓度沼液作为小球藻的基本培养基,研究了在50%浓度沼液中,小球藻在不同接种量、光照强度、光暗周期、初始pH条件下的生长和油脂积累情况。得出最适小球藻生长和油脂积累的条件是接种OD值1.023左右、光强4 000 lx、光暗周期20∶4、初始pH值为7.0。     

温度、基质对SBR去除氨氮与总氮的影响

序批式反应器(SBR)培养普通好氧污泥后,分别以淀粉、葡萄糖、乙醇、乙酸和甲醇为基质,在20、28和36℃3个不同温度条件下探讨NH4+-N与TN的去除规律。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高一般均可以提高系统对NH4+-N和TN的去除效果;但在其他条件相同时,不同的基质对系统脱NH4+-N和TN的效率不同,一般以乙醇和葡萄糖的效率为最高,在28℃时NH4+-N分别去除率达到88.4%和92.2%,最后出水TN去除率达到91.2%和93.5%。微生物在转化氮素时,不同基质以及在不同温度对脱氮过程的调控机制则存在显著的差异。     

用微电极测定曝气量对SBR系统中硝化作用的影响

为了研究曝气量对硝化作用的影响,实验采用3个相同的SBR装置,分别在曝气量为4、10和16 L/h的条件下处理人工污水,并采用自制的溶解氧、NO3-、NH4+和pH微电极测定了活性污泥絮体内部微元环境中相应基质的浓度。结果表明,曝气量为4 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内存在厌氧微区,NO3--N浓度减小了,发生了反硝化作用;而曝气量为10 L/h和16 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内发生的都是硝化反应,且NH4+-N浓度的减小量、NO3--N浓度的增大量都随着曝气量的增大而增大,pH随着曝气量的增大而减小。     

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles relieve biochemical dysfunctions of fifth-instar larvae of silkworms following exposure to phoxim insecticide

Phoxim insecticide is widely used in agriculture, which is toxic to insect pests and nontarget organisms. The phoxim poisoning is hard to prevent for silkworms. TiO₂ NPs have been widely applied in whitening, brightening foods, toothpaste or sunscreens, and orally-administered drugs. However, whether TiO₂ NPs can increase resistance of silkworm to phoxim poisoning has not been reported. The results demonstrated that added TiO₂ NPs significantly decreased reduction of protein, glucose and pyruvate contents, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities, and attenuated increases of free amino acids, urea, uric acid and lactate levels, activities of protease, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the hemolymph of silkworms caused by phoxim exposure. From the present study, it is clearly evident that added TiO₂ NPs may relieve toxic impacts of phoxim insecticide on silkworm metabolism, which in turn may result in an increase in silk yield.     

Evaluation of the Daphnia magna reproduction test for detecting endocrine disruptors

The Daphnia 21 d reproduction test is considered as a comprehensive and decisive test in the OECD Conceptual Framework for testing and assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, how to interpret results of the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test for identification, risk assessment and testing strategy of EDCs remains an unsolved issue. This study analysed a total number of 135 published studies encompassing 86 known EDCs and non-EDCs with different modes of action. Our results show that the majority of effects on apical endpoints (survival, molting, growth, time to reproductive maturity, brood size, the number of broods, and the total number of offspring) do not seem to be EDC-specific. In contrast, the endpoint sex ratio is likely specific to juvenile hormones and their mimics. Variability is quantified for three most reported endpoints survival, the total number of offspring and sex ratio. Quantification of the endpoint sensitivity shows that the sensitivity of the sex ratio is lower than that of the total number of offspring. The Daphnia 21 d reproduction test gives insufficient information to conclude if a substance is an EDC or not. EDCs that are potent in assays in vitro may not be potent in the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test. We conclude that the Daphnia 21 d reproduction test is important for deriving No Observed Effect Concentrations for risk assessment but may produce false negatives in identification of EDCs when used on its own. A targeted testing strategy for selection of species, tests, and endpoints is suggested for identifying EDCs.     

Mercury (Hg) emissions from domestic biomass combustion for space heating

Three mercury (Hg) species (gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and fine particulate-bound mercury (PBM_2.5)) were measured in the stack of a small scale wood combustion chamber at 400 °C, in the stack of an advanced wood boiler, and in two areas influenced by wood combustion. The low temperature process (lab-scale) emitted mostly GEM (∼99% when burning wood pellets and ∼95% when burning unprocessed wood). The high temperature wood boiler emitted a greater proportion of oxidized Hg (approximately 65%) than the low temperature system. In field measurements, mean PBM_2.5 concentrations at the rural and urban sites in winter were statistically significantly higher than in warmer seasons and were well correlated with Delta-C concentrations, a wood combustion indictor measured by an aethalometer (UV-absorbable carbon minus black carbon). Overall the results suggest that wood combustion may be an important source of oxidized mercury (mostly in the particulate phase) in northern climates in winter.     

Analyzing trophic transfer of heavy metals for food webs in the newly-formed wetlands of the Yellow River Delta, China

Nine heavy metals sampled from water, sediments, and aquatic organisms in the newly-formed wetlands of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) of China were analyzed to evaluate their concentrations and trophic transfer in food webs. The stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes were used to investigate trophic interactions. Results show that most of heavy metals detected in water and sediments are lower than that in Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. The longest food web is approximately 4 with the highest trophic level of birds. The difference of heavy metal concentrations between endangered Saunders’s Gull and other three kinds of protected birds is not obvious. Cd, Zn, and Hg were identified to have an increase with the trophic level (TL), while As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb show an opposite trend, however, the biomagnification of the selected nine heavy metals in the food webs is not significant.     

错流涡旋式高效固液分离器内固液两相流的数值模拟

介绍设计制作的一种新型错流涡旋式高效固液分离装备,利用离散相模型对其进行数值模拟,得到此分离装置的三维液相流场分布、离散相砂粒的运行轨迹以及砂粒的去除效率,明确了其沉淀特征。其结论对于优化错流涡旋式高效固液分离器的设计具有参考价值。     

Simulated seasonal variations in wet acid depositions over East Asia

The air quality modeling system Regional Atmospheric Modeling System-Community Multi-scale Air Quality (RAMS-CMAQ) was applied to analyze temporospatial variations in wet acid deposition over East Asia in 2005, and model results obtained on a monthly basis were evaluated against extensive observations, including precipitation amounts at 704 stations and SO4(2-), NO3-, and NH4+ concentrations in the atmosphere and rainwater at 18 EANET (the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia) stations. The comparison shows that the modeling system can reasonably reproduce seasonal precipitation patterns, especially the extensive area of dry conditions in northeast China and north China and the major precipitation zones. For ambient concentrations and wet depositions, the simulated results are in reasonable agreement (within a factor of 2) with observations in most cases, and the major observed features are mostly well reproduced. The analysis of modeled wet deposition distributions indicates that East Asia experiences noticeable variations in its wet deposition patterns throughout the year. In winter, southern China and the coastal areas of the Japan Sea report higher S04(2-) and NO3- wet depositions. In spring, elevated SO4(2-) and NO3-wet depositions are found in northeastern China, southern China, and around the Yangtze River. In summer, a remarkable rise in precipitation in northeastern China, the valleys of the Huaihe and Yangtze rivers, Korea, and Japan leads to a noticeable increase in SO4(2-) and NO3- wet depositions, whereas in autumn, higher SO4(2-) and NO3-wet depositions are found around Sichuan Province. Meanwhile, due to the high emission of SO2, high wet depositions of SO4(2-) are found throughout the entire year in the area surrounding Sichuan Province. There is a tendency toward decreasing NO3- concentrations in rainwater from China through Korea to Japan in both observed and simulated results, which is a consequence of the influence of the continental outflow from Eurasia. The same tendency is not found for SO4(2-).