脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇毒理作用研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是人畜食品中检出率和超标率最高的一种真菌毒素。与核糖体60s亚基的肽基转移酶活性中心结合后会引发核糖体应激反应,诱导细胞凋亡等作用,对肠道、免疫系统造成破坏,并且具有遗传毒性。为今后的研究工作提供参考,笔者将从DON的毒理学机制和对机体的影响角度入手对近几年新的研究成果做综合论述。     

流域河口湿地生态健康与湿地发育关系研究

河口湿地作为一个独立的＂活体＂,有着其自身的地理发育、成熟和衰老的生长过程。以大洋河河口湿地为例,运用面积积分曲线和分维度指数计算大洋河流域发育阶段及河口湿地生长过程,得出如下结论,（1）在河流流域地貌发育早期,河流底蚀、侧蚀、溯源侵蚀强烈,河流含沙量高,泥沙在河口地区沉降而易形成河口湿地;随着流域地貌发育到壮年期,河流泥沙含量输出稳定,河口湿地面积继续扩张;到流域地貌发育晚期,侵蚀减弱,河流含沙量减少,河口湿地缺乏稳定的泥沙供应,在河湾水动力作用下逐渐萎缩、直至消亡。（2）人类活动直接影响河口湿地环境的物理、化学和生物组份,改变了河口泥沙的输入量及沉积环境,人类活动实际上是直接或间接地缩短了河口湿地的发育时间,加速了其发育进程。（3）针对不同发育阶段的河流,在制定河口湿地保护政策和修复措施时,必须充分考虑其地质历史发育特征,政策的制定要符合其生长规律。     

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

注重安全整体水平用统筹观念搞好安全管理

安全是个系统工程,它包括安全管理、安全技术、安全教育等诸多方面.从国家颁布的法规到每个人的衣食住行,无一不与之有密切的关系.各行各业也都需要有一套行之有效的安全管理体制来保证其工作的顺利运行.随着我国经济的快速发展,一些新的事物不断出现,为安全管理工作提出了新的课题.此时,借鉴一些国外的先进经验,分析失误的教训,有重要的意义.     

地球物理学和物理武器

2002年4月,美国华盛顿大学一个人工智能军事应用实验室召开了“地球物理学与现代世界”的军事应用地球武器高级讨论会,参加讲演的多为美国军事实验室和大学军方任务研究组的首席科学家、顾问和特种实验技术专家。     

Heavy metal accumulation characteristics and physiological response of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis to atmospheric pollution

Heavy metal(Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cd) concentrations were measured in the leaves of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis collected from urban, suburban, and rural sites in Tianjin, China. Photosynthetic pigment contents, reactive oxygen species content, malondialdehyde(MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated, providing physiological response parameters. Our comparison of the sites revealed that urbanization significantly influenced the heavy metal concentrations in bo...     

Environmental impact of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Rn,Hg degassing from the rupture zones produced by Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript> 8.0 earthquake in western Sichuan,China

The concentrations and flux of CO₂, ²²²Radon (Rn), and gaseous elemental mercury (Hg) in soil gas were investigated based on the field measurements in June 2010 at ten sites along the seismic rupture zones produced by the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan M _s 8.0 earthquake in order to assess the environmental impact of degassing of CO₂, Rn and Hg. Soil gas concentrations of 344 sampling points were obtained. Seventy measurements of CO₂, Rn and Hg flux by the static accumulation chamber method were performed. The results of risk assessment of CO₂, Rn and Hg concentration in soil gas showed that (1) the concentration of CO₂ in the epicenter of Wenchuan M _s 8.0 earthquake and north end of seismic ruptures had low risk of asphyxia; (2) the concentrations of Rn in the north segment of seismic ruptures had high levels of radon, Maximum was up to level 4, according to Chinese code (GB 50325-2001); (3) the average geoaccumulation index I _geo of soil Hg denoted the lack of soil contamination, and maximum values classified the soil gas as moderately to strongly polluted in the epicenter. The investigation of soil gas CO₂, Rn and Hg degassing rate indicated that (1) the CO₂ in soil gas was characterized by a mean \(\updelta^{13}C_{CO2}\) of ?20.4 ‰ and by a mean CO₂ flux of 88.1 g m^?2 day^?1, which were in the range of the typical values for biologic CO₂ degassing. The maximum of soil CO₂ flux reached values of 399 g m^?2 day^?1 in the epicenter; (2) the soil Rn had higher exhalation in the north segment of seismic ruptures, the maximum reached value of 1976 m Bq m^?2 s^?1; (3) the soil Hg flux was lower, ranging from ?2.5 to 18.7 n g m^?2 h^?1 and increased from south to north. The mean flux over the all profiles was 4.2 n g m^?2 h^?1. The total output of CO₂ and Hg degassing estimated along seismic ruptures for a survey area of 18.17 km² were approximately 0.57 Mt year^?1 and 688.19 g year^?1. It is recommended that land-use planners should incorporate soil gas and/or gas flux measurements in the environmental assessment of areas of possible risk. A survey of all houses along seismic ruptures is advised as structural measures to prevent the ingress of soil gases, including CO₂ and Rn, were needed in some houses.     

Cadmium accumulation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax notoginseng</Emphasis>: levels,affecting factors and the non-carcinogenic health risk

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has been reported to be a problem for the safe usage of Panax notoginseng (Sanchi); thus, it is necessary to elucidate the Cd accumulation in Sanchi and to assess its associated health risk. Samples were collected from major producing areas in Yunnan, China. The average concentration of Cd in Sanchi was 0.43 mg/kg, which exceeds the standard level for herbal medicine in China (0.3 mg/kg). A stepwise regression analysis showed that zinc and the pH were the related factors that most significantly impacted Cd in Sanchi roots. The hazard quotient values were estimated as 0.0010 (men) and 0.0012 (women) for consumers taking preparations and were 0.011 (men) and 0.013 (women) for consumers taking health products, implying that there is no non-carcinogenic hazard associated with Sanchi consumption. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that approximately 0.80 % of male and 1.02 % of female consumers via drug consumption and 36.28 % of male and 41.87 % of female consumers via health product consumption had an exposure exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of Cd from drugs (1 % of the total oral ADI as suggested by the World Health Organization). These people should control their oral Cd intake from both Sanchi consumption and diet as a whole.     

CaO对城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的影响

为高效资源化利用城市生活垃圾,提出了一种城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气方法. 在城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化过程中添加CaO,对CO₂进行高温吸收,促进H₂产生. 考察了n(Ca)/n(C)(CaO与垃圾原料中碳元素的摩尔比)、反应温度及垃圾含水率等因素对H₂产率以及气化特性的影响. 结果表明:随着n(Ca)/n(C)由0增至1.5,φ(H₂)和H₂产率(以w计)分别由25.89%、10.86g/kg增至45.90%、31.56g/kg;水蒸气的引入提高了CaO的碳酸化反应活性,促进了H₂的产生,但当含水率高于39.45%时,则会降低产气品质;反应温度高于750℃时,虽能强化城市生活垃圾、焦油的热分解等反应产生更多的H₂,但不利于CaO的碳酸化反应,最佳的操作温度为700～750℃;对固体残留物进行XRD和SEM分析可知,反应温度高于750℃会降低CaO的活性,不利于CaO对CO₂的吸收. 以CaO为添加剂的城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气是一种有效的城市生活垃圾资源化利用方式.      

有机物对蒽酮-硫酸法测定葡萄糖含量的影响

本文主要对污水生物处理中常见小分子有机物如乙醇、乙醛、甲酸、丙酮、乙酸异戊酯进行研究,甄别出干扰物,对不同浓度干扰物的影响及干扰物存在对不同浓度葡萄糖测定的影响进行定量分析.结果表明,乙醇对葡萄糖测定无影响,甲酸、丙酮和乙酸异戊酯使测定结果存在负偏差,乙醛使测定结果存在正偏差,且偏差值随着有机物浓度和葡萄糖浓度的增加而增大.建立了蒽酮-硫酸法葡萄糖含量测定的校正方程,研究结果可为相关领域采用该法测定葡萄糖含量提供参考.