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Daniela Meyer Fernandes Cynthia Fraga Scofield Arnaldo Alcover Neto Mauri Jos Baldini Cardoso Fatima Maria Zanon Zotin 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2009,87(5):315-322
Automotive catalyst deactivation can be promoted by thermal and poisoning mechanisms. Catalyst efficiency is reduced by thermal degradation resulting in the agglomeration of precious metals and the reduction of the washcoat surface area. In this paper, the temperature influence on the commercial Pd/Rh-based automotive catalyst performance was studied. Textural and physicochemical characterisation techniques were employed, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX). The catalysts were evaluated for CO and propane oxidation with a stoichiometric gas mixture similar to engine exhaust gas. The results indicated the transformation of alumina into high temperature phases and the formation of new mixed oxide phases. Evidence of sintered particles and several spots of palladium agglomerates was seen by SEM–EDX analysis. The activity results showed the effects of thermal deactivation on the conversion of the pollutants. In spite of exposure to extreme temperature conditions (72 h at 1200 °C), significant activity was still observed for carbon monoxide and propane oxidation reactions. 相似文献
165.
Current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into surrounding waterways via runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. No studies have investigated how Giardia in farm runoff moves across the landscape, despite high prevalence rates in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) worldwide. Here, we report the development of a field-based tracking method specific for Giardia movement in runoff and use this technique to compare the pathogen reduction capability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation. Such scenarios represent typical events in schemes to plant vegetation barriers aimed at reducing waterway contamination. A significant treatment effect was identified, with 26% fewer Giardia detected in runoff collected from the planted strip (P = 0.006). These results highlight the immediate benefit of pathogen removal to be gained from vegetation planting. The successful discrimination of treatment effects by this new technique will enable the assessment of different vegetation types on runoff reduction and the effects of plant development over time. 相似文献
166.
Brad Allenby Cynthia Folsom Murphy David Allen Cliff Davidson 《Sustainability Science》2009,4(1):7-15
Sustainable engineering is a conceptual and practical challenge to all engineering disciplines. Although the profession has
experience with environmental dimensions of engineering activities that in some cases are quite deep, extending the existing
body of practice to sustainable engineering by including social and cultural domains is a significant and non-trivial challenge.
Nonetheless, progress is being made, as a recent study undertaken by the Center for Sustainable Engineering in the United
States demonstrates.
相似文献
Brad AllenbyEmail: |
167.
Because management is driven largely by financial concerns, determining the cost of environmental quality is a critical step in developing an environmental TQM program for which management will actively demonstrate commitment and support. Costs of environmental quality can be grouped into three categories: failure, prevention, and appraisal. The total cost of environmental quality can be used as a benchmark to monitor the level of environmental quality and to justify the redirection of resources. 相似文献
168.
Recovery of mercury-contaminated fisheries 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Munthe J Bodaly RA Branfireun BA Driscoll CT Gilmour CC Harris R Horvat M Lucotte M Malm O 《Ambio》2007,36(1):33-44
In this paper, we synthesize available information on the links between changes in ecosystem loading of inorganic mercury (Hg) and levels of methylmercury (MeHg) in fish. Although it is widely hypothesized that increased Hg load to aquatic ecosystems leads to increases in MeHg in fish, there is limited quantitative data to test this hypothesis. Here we examine the available evidence from a range of sources: studies of ecosystems contaminated by industrial discharges, observations of fish MeHg responses to changes in atmospheric load, studies over space and environmental gradients, and experimental manipulations. A summary of the current understanding of the main processes involved in the transport and transformation from Hg load to MeHg in fish is provided. The role of Hg loading is discussed in context with other factors affecting Hg cycling and bioaccumulation in relation to timing and magnitude of response in fish MeHg. The main conclusion drawn is that changes in Hg loading (increase or decrease) will yield a response in fish MeHg but that the timing and magnitude of the response will vary depending of ecosystem-specific variables and the form of the Hg loaded. 相似文献
169.
Zuo Tong How Ina Kristian Francesco Busetti Kathryn L. Linge Cynthia A. Joll 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(8):2-18
This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analyticalmethods for detection, and their impact
on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any
halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference
between themeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines,
N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form
when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine
or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an
intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the
formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of
the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water
systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic
chloramines that formduring disinfection are unstable,which results in difficulties in sampling
and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines.
However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment
systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic
chloramines can be formed frommany different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying
the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and
management of their formation. 相似文献
170.
Assessing the Data Requirements of Spatially Explicit Dispersal Models 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12