全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8881篇 |
免费 | 70篇 |
国内免费 | 266篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 344篇 |
废物处理 | 350篇 |
环保管理 | 1044篇 |
综合类 | 1431篇 |
基础理论 | 626篇 |
污染及防治 | 3622篇 |
评价与监测 | 1071篇 |
社会与环境 | 556篇 |
灾害及防治 | 173篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 13篇 |
2023年 | 40篇 |
2022年 | 36篇 |
2021年 | 29篇 |
2020年 | 31篇 |
2019年 | 38篇 |
2018年 | 57篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 33篇 |
2015年 | 35篇 |
2014年 | 65篇 |
2013年 | 56篇 |
2012年 | 763篇 |
2011年 | 991篇 |
2010年 | 153篇 |
2009年 | 280篇 |
2008年 | 939篇 |
2007年 | 889篇 |
2006年 | 762篇 |
2005年 | 659篇 |
2004年 | 554篇 |
2003年 | 518篇 |
2002年 | 417篇 |
2001年 | 295篇 |
2000年 | 262篇 |
1999年 | 109篇 |
1998年 | 29篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 45篇 |
1995年 | 65篇 |
1994年 | 56篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 61篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 70篇 |
1989年 | 56篇 |
1988年 | 64篇 |
1987年 | 79篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 73篇 |
1984年 | 73篇 |
1983年 | 60篇 |
1982年 | 50篇 |
1981年 | 42篇 |
1980年 | 39篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 19篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 18篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有9217条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
971.
Co-management has gained prominence due to the sustained interest in participatory forms of natural resource management. While theoretical development posed an initial challenge, it has become an integral part of the co-management literature. This paper comprehensively explores co-management theory. It begins with an investigation of theory itself. The major elements of theory (concepts, variables and relational propositions) are described and a typology of theoretical statements (formats) is conceptualized. Co-management theory is subsequently charted according to the four schemes (modelling, propositional, analytical and meta-theoretical) which make up the typology. Given the maturing nature of the co-management literature and the absence of any meta-theoretical schemes, we examine the central and underlying assumption of co-operation through the science of sociobiology. Reciprocal altruism is pursued to explain why non-kin co-operate, and is adapted to elucidate the potentials and pitfalls of co-management. This meta-theory enriches understanding of co-management, provides guidance to the other theoretical schemes, and offers a foundational basis upon which construction of subtle predications is possible. 相似文献
972.
Assessment of Eutrophication in Estuaries: Pressure–State–Response and Nitrogen Source Apportionment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Whitall D Bricker S Ferreira J Nobre AM Simas T Silva M 《Environmental management》2007,40(4):678-690
A eutrophication assessment method was developed as part of the National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA) Program.
The program is designed to improve monitoring and assessment of eutrophication in the estuaries and coastal bays of the United
States with the intent to guide management plans and develop analytical and research models and tools for managers. These
tools will help guide and improve management success for estuaries and coastal resources. The assessment method, a Pressure-State-Response
approach, uses a simple model to determine Pressure and statistical criteria for indicator variables (where applicable) to
determine State. The Response determination is mostly heuristic, although research models are being developed to improve that
component. The three components are determined individually and then combined into a single rating. Application to several
systems in the European Union (E.U.), specifically in Portugal, shows that the method is transferable, and thus is useful
for development of management measures in both the Unites States and E.U. This approach identifies and quantifies the key
anthropogenic nutrient input sources to estuaries so that management measures can target inputs for maximum effect. Because
nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in estuarine systems, examples of source identification and quantification for nitrogen
have been developed for 11 coastal watersheds on the U.S. east coast using the WATERSN model. In general, estuaries in the
Northeastern United States receive most of their nitrogen from human sewage, followed by atmospheric deposition. This is in
contrast to some watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic (Chesapeake Bay) and South Atlantic (Pamlico Sound), which receive most of
their nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Source identification is important for implementing effective management measures
that should be monitored for success using assessment methods, as described herein. For instance, these results suggest that
Northeastern estuaries would likely benefit most from improved sewage treatment, where as the Mid and South Atlantic systems
would benefit most from agricultural runoff reductions. 相似文献
973.
Analysis tools that combine large spatial and temporal scales are necessary for efficient management of wildlife species,
such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). We assessed the ability of Ripley’s K-function analysis integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine changes in burrowing owl nest clustering
over two years at NASA Ames Research Center. Specifically, we used these tools to detect changes in spatial and temporal nest
clustering before, during, and after conducting management by mowing to maintain low vegetation height at nest burrows. We
found that the scale and timing of owl nest clustering matched the scale and timing of our conservation management actions
over a short time frame. While this study could not determine a causal link between mowing and nest clustering, we did find
that Ripley’s K and GIS were effective in detecting owl nest clustering and show promise for future conservation uses. 相似文献
974.
Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solsitialis L.) is an invasive weed that creates problems for the management of Idaho's rangelands. A bioeconomic approach combined with an input-output economic model is used to estimate direct and secondary economic costs of the weed in relation to its interference with agricultural and non-agricultural benefits that rangelands provide. Direct economic costs of the infestations were estimated to be of 8.2 million '05 dollars per year, and secondary costs of 4.5 million '05 dollars per year, for a total of 12.7 million '05 dollars; agricultural related economic impacts accounted for 79% of this total cost, and non-agricultural for 21%. 相似文献
975.
A Social Analysis of the Bioinvasions of Dreissena polymorpha in Spain and Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Human agency plays a key role in the processes of biological invasions. This comprises not only the human role in the configuration of driving forces or in the perception of the impacts, but also the conceptualization of alien species themselves as an environmental problem. This paper examines different stakeholders' positions in bioinvasion processes at different scales, and it looks at their relevance for the management of invasive species. It compares two cases: the invasion process of Dreissena polymorpha in the Ebro River in Spain and the case of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Our results are structured according to impacts and to management options. The discussion focuses on the relevance of incorporating the different stakeholders' interests and values in the analysis and management of biological invasions. Although social analysis of stakeholders' positions is necessary in order to foster management actions, it also reveals conflicts on the relevant criteria and on the very definition of invasive species. 相似文献
976.
Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Haynes D Brodie J Waterhouse J Bainbridge Z Bass D Hart B 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):993-1003
Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities
is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World
Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation
of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral
reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic
pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or
stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef
water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships.
The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume
residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises
key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales.
Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant
burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness
of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the
Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan. 相似文献
977.
Lavee D 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):926-943
It has traditionally been argued that recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) is usually not economically viable and that only
when externalities, long-term dynamic considerations, and/or the entire product life cycle are taken into account, recycling
becomes worthwhile from a social point of view. This article explores the results of a wide study conducted in Israel in the
years 2000–2004. Our results reveal that recycling is optimal more often than usually claimed, even when externality considerations
are ignored.
The study is unique in the tools it uses to explore the efficiency of recycling: a computer-based simulation applied to an
extensive database. We developed a simulation for assessing the costs of handling and treating MSW under different waste-management
systems and used this simulation to explore possible cost reductions obtained by designating some of the waste (otherwise
sent to landfill) to recycling. We ran the simulation on data from 79 municipalities in Israel that produce over 60% of MSW
in Israel. For each municipality, we were able to arrive at an optimal method of waste management and compare the costs associated
with 100% landfilling to the costs born by the municipality when some of the waste is recycled. Our results indicate that
for 51% of the municipalities, it would be efficient to adopt recycling, even without accounting for externality costs. We
found that by adopting recycling, municipalities would be able to reduce direct costs by an average of 11%.
Through interviews conducted with representatives of municipalities, we were also able to identify obstacles to the utilization
of recycling, answering in part the question of why actual recycling levels in Israel are lower than our model predicts they
should be. 相似文献
978.
Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theobald DM Stevens DL White D Urquhart NS Olsen AR Norman JB 《Environmental management》2007,40(1):134-146
Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial
and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that
inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and
environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development
of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible
to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based
survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling
and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible
and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as
categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design. 相似文献
979.
Zoning and applying Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) are two promising strategies for managing tourism in Marine Protected
Areas (MPAs). Typically, these management strategies require the collection and integration of ecological and socioeconomic
data. This problem is illustrated by a case study of Koh Chang National Marine Park, Thailand. Biophysical surveys assessed
coral communities in the MPA to derive indices of reef diversity and vulnerability. Social surveys assessed visitor perceptions
and satisfaction with conditions encountered on snorkelling tours. Notably, increased coral mortality caused a significant
decrease in visitor satisfaction. The two studies were integrated to prescribe zoning and “Limits of Acceptable Change” (LAC).
As a biophysical indicator, the data suggest a LAC value of 0.35 for the coral mortality index. As a social indicator, the
data suggest that a significant fraction of visitors would find a LAC value of under 30 snorkellers per site as acceptable.
The draft zoning plan prescribed four different types of zones: (I) a Conservation Zone with no access apart from monitoring
or research; (II) Tourism Zones with high tourism intensities at less vulnerable reefs; (III) Ecotourism zones with a social
LAC standard of <30 snorkellers per site, and (IV) General Use Zones to meet local artisanal fishery needs. This study illustrates
how ecological and socioeconomic field studies in MPAs can be integrated to craft zoning plans addressing multiple objectives. 相似文献
980.
天山北坡经济带土壤重金属来源及污染评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为定量识别与评价天山北坡经济带中奇台、吉木萨尔、阜康等地区土壤重金属来源与生态风险,对该区域171个表层土壤中Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg、As和Cd7种常见重金属的含量进行测定.运用统计学方法、主成分分析、正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)与潜在生态风险指数进行重金属污染程度评价以及来源分析.结果表明,研究区土壤Zn、Cu与Cr之外,Pb、Hg、As和Cd分别超过了新疆土壤背景值4.1、2.0、8.0和48.0倍;与国家土壤重金属风险筛选值相比,Zn、Cr和Hg浓度在安全范围内,Cu与Pb有少部分样点污染较严重,超出筛选值,As与Cd平均值分别超出筛选值的3.09倍与19.17倍.污染来源分析结果显示研究区土壤中的重金属元素主要来自于燃煤源、交通运输、大气降尘、农工业排放和自然因素.生态风险评价结果分析表明,Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb处于轻微风险状态;Cd处于极高风险水平;73.68%的Hg处于中等风险,18.71%处于高风险;43.86%的As生态风险处于中等风险,51.46%处于高风险.综合潜在生态指数介于472~2575.69,Cd对综合潜在生态指数贡献率达到了89.24%,其次是As与Hg,表明研究区Cd对土壤生态环境危害很大,As与Hg也需要特别引起重视. 相似文献