苏联地质学:成就和展望

<正> 苏联领土面积为22.4百万平方公里,占世界大陆总面积的六分之一。苏联拥有多种大型地质构造,如古老的东欧地台和西伯利亚地台及波罗的、乌克兰、阿尔丹和阿纳巴尔地盾,还包括显生宙的乌拉尔-蒙古、地中海和太平洋褶皱带(图1)的广阔区     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

气体测量在覆盖地区地质填图和普查中的应用

介绍了气体测量法在厚层沉积物覆盖区普查隐伏金属矿床、矿化水和金伯利岩筒等方面的应用。该方法的实质就是通过沿钻孔网测定地下大气中气体指示组分的含量,以查明叠加的次生分散晕。以高加索等地区的研究为例,证明了该法可追索控矿构造、可有效地图出隐伏矿化和矿化水远景区,并可降低普查费用。     

萤石矿床的新类型及其形成的规律性

<正> 萤石是一种最重要的矿产,离开它冶金工业、化学工业以及其它许多工业部门都不能顺利地发展。虽然近十年来世界上萤石的开采和消费的数量有所下降,但是至今仍是相当大的——每年约450万吨。萤石的主要消费者是苏联、美国、日本和联邦德国,而且萤石的消费在苏联正逐渐增长。所以,对苏联来说,扩大     

残余橄榄岩和部分熔融机理

<正> 一、引言部分熔融问题的研究,基本上有两种主要方法:(1)对于同位素均一的每种岩浆系列,可以用熔岩成分来计算原始液相的成分,进而模拟熔融过程;(2)通过研究熔融残余相的野外构造特征及其化学成分,有可能获得部分熔融过程中小规模作用的直接信息。     

干酪根的自由基浓度可用作成熟度参数

据发现,干酪根(先用苯-甲醇,然后用吡啶或二(?)烷抽提)的自旋浓度与埋藏深度之间存在良好的相关关系。自旋浓度与埋藏深度的回归曲线之斜率差与研究区的地温梯度有关。同类型干酪根的自由基浓度可能是一项良好的成熟度参数。     

在热梯度条件下金在岩石柱中的再分配

<正> 目前,许多研究者通过对变质黑色片岩层中金矿床的研究得出了这样的结论,即金矿床是由原始沉积岩变质而成的。这一点已为下述事实所证实:这些黑色片岩中的金矿床主要产于变质程度达绿片岩相(据А.А.Маракушев资料,从泥质片岩相到云母片岩相)的变泥岩     

基于地理加权回归模型评估土地利用对地表水质的影响

针对传统线性回归模型大多忽视空间数据局部变化特征这一缺陷,引入地理加权回归模型(GWR)用于评估土地利用对地表水质的影响,分析了不同子流域内两者关系出现空间变化的规律并阐释了原因.同时,对比了GWR模型与普通最小二乘模型(OLS)的校正R2、Akaike信息准则(AICc)及残差的空间自相关指数(Moran's I),验证了GWR模型在预测精度和处理空间自相关过程中是否优于OLS模型.结果表明,同一土地利用类型对水质的影响随空间位置的改变而发生方向或大小的变化.以温瑞塘河流域总氮(TN)与农用地的关系为例,从GWR模型局部回归系数的方向分析,两者关系表现为农村正、城区负的现象,从大小分析,旧城区TN与农用地回归系数的绝对值高于其它区域;在溶解氧(DO)与人口密度所构建的GWR模型中,两者关系在整个研究区域内均表现为负值,与OLS结果吻合,从回归系数的大小分析,人口密度对DO的作用在郊区及农村更为显著.针对此类关系出现空间变化的原因分析表明,相邻子流域土地利用百分比的改变及水体主要污染源的不同,是导致土地利用对水质作用发生变化的根本因素.最后,对比所构建的80个GWR与OLS模型校正R2、AICc指标,验证了GWR作为一种局部统计模型,其预测精度优于OLS等传统全局模型且更能反映实际空间特征.     

Could wastewater analysis be a useful tool for China? — A review

Analysingwastewater samples is an innovative approach that overcomesmany limitations of traditional surveys to identify and measure a range of chemicals that were consumed by or exposed to people living in a sewer catchment area. First conceptualised in 2001, much progress has been made to make wastewater analysis (WWA) a reliable and robust tool for measuring chemical consumption and/or exposure. At the moment, the most popular application of WWA, sometimes referred as sewage epidemiology, is to monitor the consumption of illicit drugs in communities around the globe, including China. The approach has been largely adopted by lawenforcement agencies as a device tomonitor the temporal and geographical patterns of drug consumption. In the future, themethodology can be extended to other chemicals including biomarkers of population health (e.g. environmental or oxidative stress biomarkers, lifestyle indicators or medications that are taken by different demographic groups) and pollutants that people are exposed to (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated chemicals, and toxic pesticides). The extension of WWA to a huge range of chemicals may give rise to a field called sewage chemical-information mining (SCIM) with unexplored potentials. China has many densely populated cities with thousands of sewage treatment plants which are favourable for applying WWA/SCIM in order to help relevant authorities gather information about illicit drug consumption and population health status. However, there are some prerequisites and uncertainties of the methodology that should be addressed for SCIM to reach its full potential in China.