煤基甲醇和煤基柴油生命周期评价

利用生命周期评价工具对煤基M100和FTD作为车用替代燃料生命周期环境影响进行评价。结果表明：温室效应和不可再生资源消耗为两种燃料生命周期产生最主要环境影响。与M100相比,相同功能单位FTD环境影响总水平值略高。通过敏感性分析,建议综合利用CO2捕集技术等方法来减少温室气体排放。     

锦州湾沉积物中重金属形态特征及其潜在生态风险

用5步提取法分析了锦州湾14个样点沉积物中6种重金属的地球化学形态.结果表明,Cd主要分布在可交换态和碳酸盐结合态; Zn和Pb主要分布于碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态;Cu主要分布在有机硫化物结合态;Cr、Ni主要结合于残渣态中.对Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法作了改进,结合了地球化学形态对生物毒性的影响,得出的生态风险评价结果和次生相与原生相比值法的污染评价结果类似.锦州湾西南角海域生态危害极高,产生生态危害的主要重金属污染物依次为Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞Cu.按风险等级和区域分布将锦州湾划分为4个生态风险功能分区,沿东北方向生态风险随距离增加而减弱.     

毫米波近场成像技术综述

介绍了用于探测人体隐蔽物体的毫米波焦面阵成像系统及毫米波全息成像系统;简述了利用合成孔径原理提高系统分辨率的毫米波全息成像系统的基本原理;着重分析了毫米波焦面阵成像系统的天线近场聚焦特性、空间分辨率计算、系统采样间隔选择、物体辐射特性等关键技术.该系统在探测人体隐蔽物体方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

环糊精对Fe(Ⅲ)引发双酚A光降解的影响

环糊精口α-CD、β-CD和γ-CD能分别与双酚A形成1:1主-客体包结物.在250W金属卤化物灯(λ≥365 nm)光照下,研究了在Fe(Ⅲ)-OH配合物体系中,不同环糊精对双酚A光降解的影响.结果表明,β-CD能较大地促进双酚A的光降解,α-CD次之,而γ-CD对双酚A的光降解存在一定的抑制;并且CDs浓度的变化对双酚A光降解的初始速率有明显的影响.双酚A光降解的初始速率随着β-CD和α-CD浓度增大而增加,当β-CD=60μmol/L时达到最大,然后随着浓度增大而降低,而BPA的光降解初始速率随γ-CD浓度的增加总的趋势是减小的.通过计算机软件Gaussian98,采用PM3方法模拟了环糊精与双酚A的包结行为,进一步说明3种环糊精与双酚A形成主-客体包结物对光降解的影响.     

激光雷达相干成像原理及其研究的若干问题

总结了激光雷达相干成像技术研究现状和进展,根据激光相干成像一般原理,针对2种最新激光雷达即距离高分辨多普勒和合成孔径相干成像技术,给出其系统技术框架和成像效果。分析了激光雷达相干成像特点及系统设计所必须解决的技术难点,指出解决问题的方案和注意问题,为我国进一步开展空间、空中和地基平台激光雷达相干成像试验研究和理论仿真奠定预先技术支持。     

废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联菌株的驯化和分离

在不接种污泥、接种厌氧污泥和接种好氧污泥的条件下,采用鼓泡反应器研究猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的启动及关键微生物.试验前期(第26 d前),接种污泥反应器的脱氮脱硫率为50%～64%,而不接种污泥反应器的脱氮脱硫率只有11%～14%.到驯化结束时(第56 d),3个反应器的脱氮效率为90%左右,脱硫效率达到70%以上.结果表明,不接种污泥反应器经过一段时间驯化后也可以达到同样的脱氮脱硫效果,只是启动时间比接种污泥的反应器稍长.在反应器启动期间,于不同时段分别进行了微生物种群动态变化检测,结果显示微生物种群数量变化与3个反应器的脱氮脱硫效果变化趋势基本一致.在驯化成功的反应器中,分离筛选出氮硫去除率同时达到60%以上的菌株2株,初步鉴定为脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌.     

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) method and geo-accumulation (I_geo) index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of I_geo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 (n = 23, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.     

活性炭吸附重金属离子的影响因素分析

在参考众多资料的基础上,从活性炭对重金属离子吸附机理的观点出发,分析活性炭吸附对重金属离子的主要影响因素--活性炭颗粒粒径、孔隙的大小,温度,pH值,以及水中其他粒子的相互作用等,并在该分析的基础上探讨提高活性炭吸附能力的一些措施。     

粉煤灰制备聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁及性能研究

以大连某热电厂的固体废弃物粉煤灰为原料,研究了利用粉煤灰制备聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁及其絮凝性能.采用NaOH溶液浸渍粉煤灰,通过考察温度、NaOH浓度和反应时间对硅溶出的影响,确定了硅溶出的最佳反应条件.用NaOH浸渍液制备聚硅酸后再与聚合硫酸铁（PFS）复合得到复合絮凝剂（F-PFS）,通过考察铁硅摩尔比和熟化时间对F-PFS的除浊性能的影响,确定了F-PFS的最佳复合条件.在F-PFS的最佳复合条件下,以Na₂SiO₃为原料制备同样硅浓度的聚硅酸再复合PFS得到聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁（N-PFS）,作为F-PFS的对照.通过最佳F-PFS与N-PFS和PFS的絮凝率对比评价了最佳F-PFS的絮凝性能.结果表明在120℃下,用4　mol·L^-1的NaOH浸渍粉煤灰4 h后得到硅的最大溶出量0.207 9 g·g^-1.在铁硅摩尔比为1∶0.2,熟化2 h的条件下,F-PFS的除浊性能最佳.同时F-PFS的除浊能力与N-PFS相同,但是沉降性和稳定性优于N-PFS和PFS,对实际废水的絮凝能力优于N-PFS和PFS.