基于生态系统的海洋管理:原则、实践和建议

基于生态系统的管理(ecosystem-based management, EBM)是一种得到海洋界广泛关注和普遍认可的管理理念,文章分析了EBM的内涵、原则,简要介绍了各海洋大国在海洋发展战略中基于生态系统的海洋管理实践,并简要分析了我国在基于生态系统的海洋管理方面的初步尝试.结合EBM所提倡的原则、方法以及我国国情,文章提出了为实施基于生态系统的海洋管理所急需开展的工作,包括开展海洋管理单元区划研究、制定科学的管理目标、建立和健全生态系统监测和评价系统、建立涉海机构和部门之间的有效合作机制以及扩展公众参与海洋管理的渠道等五个方面.     

新型氨化菌丝体吸附剂的制备及吸附典型内分泌干扰物的研究

以产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)菌丝体为原料,通过2步化学反应将含有大量氨基的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)嫁接到菌丝体表面,优化反应条件,得到最佳的氨化菌丝体吸附剂.该氨化吸附剂的等电点为pH 10.2,是一种表面带正电荷的菌丝体吸附剂,能有效吸附水中的阴离子内分泌干扰物五氯酚钠(PCP)、2,4二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)和全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS).3种污染物的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,15℃时最大吸附量分别为342.9、234.1、1725.6 mg/g.热力学计算表明,3种污染物的吸附均是自发发生的,2,4-D和PFOS的吸附是吸热反应,而PCP是放热反应.     

5种磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了5种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶,磺胺甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶,磺胺甲恶唑)在5种不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素.结果表明,磺胺类抗生素在5种供试土壤上的吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich方程,吸附常数K_d为 0.10~4.39 μg^1-1/n (cm³)^1/n g ^-1;5种磺胺类抗生素在供试土壤中吸附性大致排列顺序为:东北黑土≈无锡水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤≈陕西潮土.吸附的主要影响因素为土壤pH值和有机质含量:土壤pH值增高,磺胺类抗生素大量转变为阴离子态,吸附减弱;土壤有机质含量增加,吸附增强.5种磺胺抗生素在5种供试土壤中的吸附自由能为 -12.5~-5.3 kJ·mol^-1,表明吸附机理主要是物理吸附.磺胺类抗生素在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性, 淋溶性能从大到小依次为:陕西潮土>南京黄棕壤>江西红壤>无锡水稻土>东北黑土,与吸附试验结果相一致.畜禽养殖使用磺胺类抗生素对地下水污染具有潜在风险,应该引起足够重视.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌好氧反硝化特性研究

从湖北省洪湖、仙桃等地采集的活性污泥和土壤中分离得到32株好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行反硝化能力测定,其中3株菌的反硝化能力较强,能以NaNO₃为唯一氮源生长,分别命名为HS-N25,HS-MP12和HS-MP13. 这3株菌可以分别在18,15和12 h内将特定培养基SC中起始浓度为10 mmol/L 的NO₃-完全降解. 通过菌株形态观察、生理生化及16S rDNA 分子鉴定,菌株HS-N25,HS-MP12及HS-MP13与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)亲缘关系最为接近,同源性达99%. 初步鉴定这3株菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌.      

江西某核电站选址地质灾害研究及防治对策

本文通过对江西某核电站选址及附近详细的地质灾害调查,结合拟选场地的地质环境条件分析,对地质灾害发育特征进行了仔细的研究,并进行了地质灾害预测;重点是覆盖岩溶区地面塌陷的易发性研究,根据岩溶地面塌陷产生的地质条件和诱发影响因素,采用了定性～半定量判别法评价岩溶地面塌陷的易发性;并针对核电站工程建设布局提出了相应的防治对策建议;为工程建设选址提供地质科学依据.     

一株源于污泥浓缩池厌氧除磷菌的分离、鉴定及特性研究

采用浓缩池污泥为细菌分离的种泥,利用传统和现代微生物的分离、鉴定相结合手段,分离出一株源于污泥浓缩池的厌氧除磷功能菌(NA菌),从细菌形态、生理生化和16S rDNA三方面确定了所得细菌的分类地位,利用静态厌氧反应对其进行厌氧除磷特性初探. 结果表明:可将NA菌鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),该菌株同时具有反硝化和厌氧除磷产生磷化氢(PH₃)的双重功能. 随着培养时间的不断增加,NA菌总数,TP去除率和PH₃生成量分别由第7天的1.2×103 mL-1,7.66%和0.124 mg/L上升至第21天的1.7×104 mL-1,11.50%和0.465 mg/L,PH₃生成量与TP去除率,NA菌总数之间表现为同步一致的正相关关系,但由于未进行驯化,NA菌的厌氧除磷产生PH₃的能力较弱.      

斜发沸石在废水处理中的应用研究进展

天然斜发沸石是一种廉价矿物,经改性后可有效去除废水中氨氮、有机物、重金属离子、砷及放射性物质,并可用作杀菌剂。文章简述了天然斜发沸石的主要改性技术,并着重论述了近年来天然斜发沸石及各种改性斜发沸石在废水处理中的应用研究动态。同时,展望了其应用前景,探讨了目前应用斜发沸石处理废水时仍亟待解决的一些问题。     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

升温速率对医疗垃圾热解机理的影响

用TGA-DTA差热失重联用分析仪研究升温速率对输液瓶、一次性医用手套、敷料内心和白鼠肌肉4种典型医疗垃圾热解过程的影响规律.结果表明:在其他试验条件都相同的情况下,随着升温速率的提高,热解反应起始温度、终止温度、峰温升高,反应区间ΔT变宽,发生最大热失重速率的温度也升高,热失重峰的峰高也随之增加;升温速率对热失重率的影响随医疗垃圾种类而不同,对较难分解的医疗垃圾（如敷料内心和白鼠肌肉等）影响大,对容易分解的医疗垃圾（如输液瓶和一次性医用手套等）影响较小.