Effect of anthropogenic pollution on oxidative processes in the liver of fish from the Rybinsk Reservoir

The levels of total lipids, peroxidation products, and antioxidant activity in the liver were studied in fish species living in unequally polluted areas of the Rybinsk Reservoir and differing in their ecology and taxonomic position: the bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), burbot (Lota lota L.), and zander (Stizostedion lucioperca L.). The fish from polluted water areas were characterized by higher levels of total lipids and malonic dialdehyde and a deficiency of antioxidants. It is shown that the test parameters depend on the type of feeding and mode of life of the fish species.     

降雨主导型库岸滑坡变形时空分布特征

根据某大型水库近坝库岸滑坡8年的监测资料,对该滑坡变形的时空分布特征进行了分析。该滑坡变形的空间分布特征主要表现为3个方面的差异,即区域差异、高程差异和深度差异。而滑坡变形的时间分布特征主要体现在库水作用和降雨两个方面:在重点监测的Ⅱ区,库水作用只影响到其前端部分,对中、后部影响很小;该区的整体变形与降雨关系密切,响应明显。这些特征表明该滑坡为降雨主导型库岸滑坡,并有向稳定方向发展的趋势;但Ⅱ区特有的"后坐式"变形特征又存在一定的安全隐患,因此,该滑坡的监测还应长期进行。     

Estimating sediment and caesium-137 fluxes in the Ribble Estuary through time-series airborne remote sensing

High spatial and temporal resolution airborne imagery were acquired for the Ribble Estuary, North West England in 1997 and 2003, to assess the application of time-series airborne remote sensing to quantify total suspended sediment and radionuclide fluxes during a flood and ebb tide sequence. Concomitant measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water column turbidity were obtained during the time-series image acquisition for the flood and ebb tide sequence on the 17th July 2003 to verify the assumption of a vertically well mixed estuary and thus justifying the vertical extrapolation of spatially integrated estimate of surface SPM. The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations were calculated from a relatively stable relationship between SPM and ¹³⁷Cs for the Ribble Estuary. Total estuary wide budgets of sediment and ¹³⁷Cs were obtained by combining the image-derived estimates of surface SPM and ¹³⁷Cs with estimates of water volume from a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (VERSE) developed for the Ribble Estuary. These indicate that around 10,000 tonnes of sediment and 2.72 GBq of ¹³⁷Cs were deposited over the tidal sequence monitored in July 2003. This compared favourably with bed height elevation change estimated from field work. An uncertainty analysis on the total sediment and ¹³⁷Cs flux yielded a total budget of the order of 40% on the final estimate. The results represent a novel approach to providing a spatially integrated estimate of the total net sediment and radionuclide flux in an intertidal environment over a flood and ebb tide sequence.     

Evaluating and reducing a model of radiocaesium soil-plant uptake

An existing model of radiocaesium transfer to grasses was extended to include wheat and barley and parameterised using data from a wide range of soils and contact times. The model structure was revised and evaluated using a subset of the available data which was not used for model parameterisation. The resulting model was then used as a basis for systematic model reduction to test the utility of the model components. This analysis suggested that the use of 4 model variables (relating to radiocaesium adsorption on organic matter and the pH sensitivity of soil solution potassium concentration) and 1 model input (pH) are not required. The results of this analysis were used to develop a reduced model which was further evaluated in terms of comparisons to observations. The reduced model had an improved empirical performance and fewer adjustable parameters and soil characteristic inputs.     

Radiological maps for Trabzon, Turkey

The activity concentrations and absorbed gamma dose rates due to primordial radionuclides and ¹³⁷Cs have been ascertained in 222 soil samples in 18 counties of the Trabzon province of Turkey using a HPGe detector. The mean activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in soil samples were 41, 35, 437 and 21 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. Based on the measured concentrations of these radionuclides, the mean absorbed gamma dose in air was calculated as 59 nGy h⁻¹ and hence, the mean annual effective dose due to terrestrial gamma radiation was calculated as 72 μSv y⁻¹. In addition, outdoor in situ gamma dose rate (D) measurements were performed in the same 222 locations using a portable NaI detector and the annual effective dose was calculated to be 66 μSv y⁻¹ from these results. The results presented in this study are compared with other parts of Turkey. Radiological maps of the Trabzon province were composed using the results obtained from the study.     

Effect of americium-241 on luminous bacteria. Role of peroxides

The effect of americium-241 (²⁴¹Am), an alpha-emitting radionuclide of high specific activity, on luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum was studied. Traces of ²⁴¹Am in nutrient media (0.16-6.67 kBq/L) suppressed the growth of bacteria, but enhanced luminescence intensity and quantum yield at room temperature. Lower temperature (4 °C) increased the time of bacterial luminescence and revealed a stage of bioluminescence inhibition after 150 h of bioluminescence registration start. The role of conditions of exposure the bacterial cells to the ²⁴¹Am is discussed. The effect of ²⁴¹Am on luminous bacteria was attributed to peroxide compounds generated in water solutions as secondary products of radioactive decay. Increase of peroxide concentration in ²⁴¹Am solutions was demonstrated; and the similarity of ²⁴¹Am and hydrogen peroxide effects on bacterial luminescence was revealed. The study provides a scientific basis for elaboration of bioluminescence-based assay to monitor radiotoxicity of alpha-emitting radionuclides in aquatic solutions.     

Sorption of selenate on soils and pure phases: kinetic parameters and stabilisation

This study was conducted to identify the principle selenate carrier phases for two selected soils, by comparing their reactivity with selenate to that of pure phases of the solids. Silica, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, goethite, bentonite and humic acid were selected as the main soil carrier phases. Comparisons were made first on the parameter values obtained with the best fit of a kinetic sorption model which can discriminate instantaneous sorption from kinetically limited sorption. Then comparisons were made of the ability for each solid to stabilise selenate by measuring the ratio of the partition coefficient for sorption (Kd_sorption) over that of the desorption (Kd_desorption). Kinetics and stabilisation were used to help elucidate the nature of interactions with the test solid phases for a large range of selenate concentrations. The experiments were conducted over 165 h in batch reactors, the solid being isolated from the solution by dialysis tubing, at two pH (5.4 and 8) and three selenate concentrations (1 × 10⁻³, 1 × 10⁻⁶ and 1 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹). The results obtained showed that only aluminium hydroxide can sorb selenate throughout the studied pH range (pH 5.4 to 8.0). The sorption capacity on this mineral was high (Kd_sorption > 100 to 1 × 10⁴ L kg⁻¹) and the selenate was mainly stabilized by the formation of inner sphere complexes. The sorption on goethite occurred at pH 5.4 (Kd_sorption 52 L kg⁻¹), mainly as outer sphere complexes, and was null at pH 8. On silica, a weak sorption was observed only at pH 5.4 and at 165 h (Kd_sorption 4 L kg⁻¹). On bentonite, calcium carbonate and humic acid no significant sorption was observed. Concerning the two soils studied, different behaviours were observed for selenate. For soil Ro (pH 5.4), Kd_sorption was low (8 L kg⁻¹) compared to soil Bu (pH 8) (70 L kg⁻¹). The sorption behaviour of selenate on soil Ro was mainly due to outer sphere complexes, as for goethite, whereas for soil Bu the sorption was mainly attributed to inner sphere complexes followed by reduction mechanisms, probably initiated by microorganisms, in which no steady state was reached at the end of the 165 h experiments. The sorption of selenate decreased when concentrations reached 1 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹, due to solid saturation, except for aluminium hydroxide. Reduction of selenate seemed also to occur on goethite and soil Ro, for the same concentration, but without preventing a decrease in sorption. Thus, this work shows that the comparison of selenate behaviour between soil and pure phases helps to elucidate the main carrier phases and sorption mechanisms in soil.     

湘潭市规模以上工业企业能源消耗碳排放分析

从国家和省域层面研究碳排放问题,相关分析较宏观,难以发现具体市域经济实体内部存在的问题.从市域层面研究规模以上工业企业能源消耗碳排放特征和趋势,对干寻找市域降低碳排放强度的技术路线和对策,进而实现全省和全国的碳排放强度控制目标具有重要意义.依托相关项目,文章从总体上、分行业和重点企业三个层面测算了湘潭市规模以上工业企业能源消耗的碳排放量和碳排放强度,分析了湘潭市规模以上工业企业碳排放变化趋势,总结出共碳排放强度变化驱动力主要来源于调整优化产业结构、加快节能工程建设、大力推进科技创新、发展循环经济和企业重组,最后在总结湘潭市成功经验的基础上,提出了指导区域降低规模以上工业企业碳排放强度的相关建议.     

煤气生产车间CO气体浓度监控技术的研究

根据某化工厂煤气生产工艺流程,研究预防CO气体泄漏引起的火灾、爆炸和中毒事故的监控系统,分析监控系统的工作原理及电路图,对CO监控技术的研究和气体传感器的研制有重要的参考价值.     

成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征

为了解成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征,在成都市城区四季采集PM2.5有效样品共计102个,测得颗粒物质量浓度以及水溶性离子质量浓度(NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、F-、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-),并分析其浓度变化特征,重点关注二次无机离子的污染特征及形成影响.结果表明,成都市城区水溶性离子与...