微污染河水旁路复氧修复效果及污染物去除动力学特征

为改善受污河流水质,保障小城镇饮用水安全,在野外条件下构建DW(跌水池)、SW(深水池)和QW(浅水池)3种装置对微污染河流进行旁路复氧修复,考察不同装置对污染物的去除效果及进水污染物负荷及水力负荷对污染物去除的影响.结果表明,3种旁路复氧修复装置在较高进水ρ(DO)情况下,能够进一步提升ρ(DO),复氧作用表现为QW>DW>SW.DW、SW和QW对NH₄+-N、TN、TP和COD_Mn的平均去除率分别为39.5%~41.8%、1.0%~25.8%、13.8%~16.4%和6.4%~8.8%.污染物出水浓度和进水负荷具有较强的线性关系(R2>0.8);随着水力负荷的降低,污染物去除效果均有所提升.一级动力学模型可以较好地模拟修复系统中水力负荷与污染物去除的关系(R2>0.9).      

太湖蓝藻对Sb(Ⅴ)的生物吸附作用

利用富营养化湖泊的藻类——太湖蓝藻,对Sb(Ⅴ)的生物吸附特征进行了研究. 结果表明:藻类经0.1 mol/L盐酸处理后,对Sb(Ⅴ)的生物吸附效率大大提高. 原藻和经盐酸处理的蓝藻在1 h左右对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附量达到平衡;Sb(Ⅴ)在原藻和经盐酸处理的蓝藻表面的吸附能力均随着pH升高逐渐减弱;原藻与经盐酸处理的蓝藻对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程;不同离子强度的Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、PO₄3-对Sb(Ⅴ)在原藻表面的吸附影响较弱,而对Sb(Ⅴ)在经盐酸处理的蓝藻表面的吸附影响显著.      

Sustainable development strategies for China's Du Jiang Yan Water Resources Project

China's Du Jiang Yan Irrigation Project, dating back to 256 BC, is one of the world's earliest water resources projects. Although it has been benefiting the Sichuan Basin area for over 2000 years, it is facing increasing problems due to ecological deterioration, over-exploitation from local industries and agriculture, suboptimal resource allocation arising from supply and demand mismatches, and an aging infrastructure. The traditional water resources development model is no longer appropriate for current and future needs of the area. Therefore, a sustainable development framework is envisioned in which population, economy and environment coexist in harmony. Within this framework, major strategies, such as construction and renovation of infrastructure, promotion of water conserving irrigation through non-engineering measures, pollution control and ecological improvements, restructuring of management entities and exploration of new funding sources, are proposed. An evaluation system is also introduced to assess the degree of sustainability and to monitor progress towards a high level of sustainable development.     

An arsenic-contaminated field trial to assess the uptake and translocation of arsenic by genotypes of rice

Compared to other cereals, rice has particular strong As accumulation. Therefore, it is very important to understand As uptake and translocation among different genotypes. A field study in Chenzhou city, Hunan province of China, was employed to evaluate the effect of arsenic-contaminated soil on uptake and distribution in 34 genotypes of rice (including unpolished rice, husk, shoot, and root). The soil As concentrations ranged from 52.49 to 83.86 mg kg^?1, with mean As concentration 64.44 mg kg^?1. The mean As concentrations in rice plant tissues were different among the 34 rice genotypes. The highest As concentrations were accumulated in rice root (196.27–385.98 mg kg^?1 dry weight), while the lowest was in unpolished rice (0.31–0.52 mg kg^?1 dry weight). The distribution of As in rice tissue and paddy soil are as follows root ? soil > shoot > husk > unpolished rice. The ranges of concentrations of inorganic As in all of unpolished rice were from 0.26 to 0.52 mg kg^?1 dry weight. In particular, the percentage of inorganic As in the total As was more than 67 %, indicating that the inorganic As was the predominant species in unpolished rice. The daily dietary intakes of inorganic As in unpolished rice ranged from 0.10 to 0.21 mg for an adult, and from 0.075 to 0.15 mg for a child. Comparison with tolerable daily intakes established by FAO/WHO, inorganic As in most of unpolished rice samples exceeded the recommended intake values. The 34 genotypes of rice were classified into four clusters using a criteria value of rescaled distance between 5 and 10. Among the 34 genotypes, the genotypes II you 416 (II416) with the lowest enrichment of As and the lowest daily dietary intakes of inorganic As could be selected as the main cultivar in As-contaminated field.     

Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site

The accumulation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil and plants in agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site in east China has become a great threat to the neighboring environmental quality and human health. Soil and plant samples collected from land under different utilization, including fallow plots, vegetable plots, plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as green manure, fallow plots under long-term flooding and fallow plots under alternating wet and dry periods, together with plant samples from relative plots were analyzed for six PAE compounds nominated as prior pollutants by USEPA. In the determined samples, the concentrations of six target PAE pollutants ranged from 0.31–2.39 mg/kg in soil to 1.81–5.77 mg/kg in various plants (dry weight/DW), and their bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 5.8 to 17.9. Health risk assessments were conducted on target PAEs, known as typical environmental estrogen analogs, based on their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Preliminary risk assessment to human health from soil and daily vegetable intake indicated that DEHP may present a high-exposure risk on all ages of the population in the area by soil ingestion or vegetable consumption. The potential damage that the target PAE compounds may pose to human health should be taken into account in further comprehensive risk assessments in e-waste recycling sites areas. Moreover, alfalfa removed substantial amounts of PAEs from the soil, and its use can be considered a good strategy for in situ remediation of PAEs.     

强震区小流域泥石流发育特征研究——以四川省绵竹市罗家沟泥石流为例

小流域泥石流因流域面积小,常被人们忽略或未引起足够的重视,却往往造成较大灾害损失;2010年8月13日绵竹市清平乡罗家沟暴发泥石流,一次冲出量约30万m3,而该沟流域面积仅1.4 km2;此次泥石流造成主沟沟口民房被掩埋,1.5 km的道路被毁,3座涵洞、一座小桥被冲毁,并使绵远河改道约200 m左右,直接经济损失约500万.根据现场调查和航空图像解译,分析了泥石流成因,讨论了泥石流形成、运动和堆积过程,并计算了泥石流的力学参数;罗家沟泥石流的实例表明汶川震区小流域泥石流具有较强的隐蔽性和破坏力.因此,在对汶川震区泥石流开展调查和评估工作时,尤其应注意小流域泥石流调查工作,必要时应进行相应的工程治理措施.     

基于FLAC2D的西安地面沉降数值模拟分析

针对西安地区抽汲地下深层承压水所引发的地面沉降进行了分析,以Biot三维固结理论为基础,采用FLAG2D软件对西安地区地质技工学校处的地面沉降进行了二维数值模拟与土体-渗流耦合计算.通过分析模拟的计算结果,对抽水引起的深层承压含水层垂直沉降和水平变形作了详细的分析,并阐明了沉降漏斗形成的机理;发现模拟结果与实际监测的结果是基本吻合的,表明了地面垂直沉降和水平位移的特征和机理分析的正确性.     

智能电能表检定装置集中控制系统的研究与应用

针对智能电能表传统的分散式检定模式存在检定质量参差不齐、检定效率低等问题,利用网络和自动控制技术开发了智能电能表检定装置集中控制系统并应用于计量中心智能电能表检定工作中。应用结果表明:电能表检定装置集中控制系统实现了操控一体化、标准化、规范化,达到了保证检定质量、提高检定效率的目的。     

矸石山不同造林模式对土壤养分及酶活性影响的研究

本文以抚顺矸石山立地条件下树龄为10年的刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia L.、火炬Rhus typhina Nutt、白榆Ulmus pumila L.、沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides L.林以及植被自然恢复裸地（CK）5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,按土壤发生学层次进行采样,对土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶等指标进行研究,结果表明：与CK相比,4种造林模式显著提高了Ah层的土壤有机质和养分含量,其中,有机质、有效磷改良效果最好的是白榆模式,分别增加了194.8%、442.9%;速效钾改良效果最好的是刺槐模式,增加了262.0%;碱解氮则是火炬模式改良效果最好,增加了509.2%。不同造林模式与CK相比增加了各层次的过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,其中,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性Ah层最大的是火炬模式,增加了134.5%和880.9%;脲酶酶活性最大的是白榆模式,增加了119.1%。从垂直角度看,有机质、碱解氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶随土层加深含量降低,在C层达到最小值,而速效钾、有效磷、蔗糖酶的最小值则出现在AC层;不同模式对土壤pH影响不一,垂直规律不明显。