2000~2020年西南地区植被NDVI对气候变化和人类活动响应特征

研究植被变化及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制,对区域生态保护和植被恢复具有重要现实意义.利用MODIS NDVI数据、基于站点的气象数据和土地利用数据,结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性分析、残差分析、偏相关分析和复相关分析等方法,基于不同地貌单元,分析2000～2020年中国西南地区植被覆盖时空演变特征及其对气候和土地利用变化的响应特征.结果表明,2000～2020年西南地区植被NDVI整体呈波动上升趋势,上升斜率在空间上呈东南高和西北低的分异格局.气候变化和人类活动对西南地区植被NDVI上升均以促进作用为主,且对广西丘陵植被生长的促进作用强于其他地貌单元.2000～2020年间西南地区植被NDVI与气温和降水呈正相关,与相对湿度和日照时数呈负相关,且温度是影响西南地区植被NDVI变化的气候主导因子.城市扩张在一定程度上减少了区域植被覆盖,但得益于适宜的气候条件以及林业生态工程的实施,西南地区整体植被覆盖以上升为主.研究结果可为西南地区生态保护及经济可持续发展提供科学依据.     

基于IKONOS影像的城市住宅区中水回用空间分布估算

中水回用是解决城市水资源短缺和水环境污染问题的有效途径。开展分散式中水可行性研究,需要考虑中水原水与回用需求的数量、空间分布及平衡关系。论文以南京市住宅区为例,探索了基于IKONOS高分辨率遥感影像分类,估算中水回用空间分布的方法。通过引入单位面积用水定额,将遥感和GIS 分析得到的用地信息与中水原水产量和回用需求关联起来,计算了研究区域中27 个地块的中水原水产量和回用需求量,并分析了两者在空间上的水量平衡关系。结果表明,研究区域存在较大的中水原水供给潜力3.52 L/（m²·d）和较大的利用需求5.37 L/（m²·d）。住宅小区的单位面积原水产量与其建筑容积率成正比;以中高层住宅区为主的地区,中水原水产量能够基本满足本地区的中水回用需求。因此,在这些地区建立分散式污水处理系统,可减少废污水排放,节约自来水取用量,提高水资源利用率。     

Cu2+、Zn2+对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的毒性作用

通过在基础海水中添加Cu2 、Zn2 ,研究其对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的急、慢性毒性影响.包括了Cu2 、Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾在24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),安全浓度(SC)和在生长、成活、繁殖等方面的影响.结果表明:(1)水体中Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是2843、2363、1432、449 μg/L和4.49 μg/L.Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是10588、2331、1459、664 μg/L和6.64 μg/L.Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾的毒性大,黑褐新糠虾对Cu2 比对Zn2 更为敏感.(2)当5 μg/L≤Cu2 ≤80 μg/L、10 μg/L≤Zn2 ≤160 μg/L时,黑褐新糠虾在处于各浓度的Cu2 、Zn2 试液中经过60d的饲养,均显示一定程度的毒性作用,其成活率、体长和体长增长率随Cu2 、Zn2 浓度的不断增加都有不同程度的降低,与对照组相比均差异显著(P﹤0.05).     

CO2浓度倍增对湿地小叶章生理特性的影响

选择三江平原湿地典型草甸化小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）为研究对象,利用开顶箱控制CO₂浓度,模拟CO₂浓度倍增对小叶章生理特性的影响. 结果表明,小叶章对CO₂浓度倍增的响应依赖于氮素供应状况. 缺氮 （0 kg/hm2） 条件下,CO₂浓度倍增使w（叶绿素）,w（游离氨基酸）和w（可溶性蛋白质）降低,w（可溶性糖）增加;而当氮素供应充足时,w（叶绿素）,w（游离氨基酸）和w（可溶性蛋白质）均显著增加. 施氮促进小叶章叶绿素、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质合成,降低了w（可溶性糖）. 小叶章在高浓度（以摩擦尔分数计）CO₂（700 μmol/mol）熏蒸40 d,光合能力出现下降趋势. 施氮可以促进小叶章的生长,调节其对CO₂浓度升高的适应现象.      

城市水环境非点源污染总量控制研究与应用

在调查和分析仪征市非点源污染过程中，对建成区进行网格处理，根据土地利用状况和特点，通过采样分析，确定了各网格的非点源污染负荷量和空间变化特征。在非点源污染发生的时段民假设在时间上分配均匀的点源污染负荷进行比较，分析二对区域水环境的叠加影响。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

云南个旧锡铜多金属矿集区稳定同位素特征

云南个旧锡铜多金属矿集区为中国最重要的锡、铜多金属矿集区之一,经过同位素统计分析得出:硫的来源以生物地层沉积硫和海水硫酸盐为主,并可能混入了岩浆硫源;铅的来源复杂,并含有过量的放射性成因铅,明显有上地幔物质参与,且经过了均匀混合,组成稳定;碳来源由海相碳酸盐衍生而来,并主要与碳酸盐溶解作用有关,且可能有部分直接来源于深源碳;氧来源于浅部地壳经部分熔融形成.     

多径流出口水稻田非点源污染试验研究及验证

为验证一种水稻田非点源污染原位观测方法的准确性和适应性,以北京市上庄镇某试验水稻田为例,应用原位观测方法分别在水稻田进水口附近(4#观测点)和出水口附近(2#观测点)安装水位计观测稻田水深,利用同步观测的降雨数据以及田内5个采样点定期采集的水质数据进行非点源污染试验研究,探究基于同一块水稻田不同位置的水深观测数据是否对该方法的应用产生影响.结果表明:①晒田期间,由于4#观测点处于相对低洼的位置,其水深数据显示4d的无水期,与实际晒田时间相符而2#观测点水深数据显示10 d无水.②基于2#、4#观测点水深数据得到总蒸散发和渗漏损失、总径流量以及灌溉量的相对偏差分别为1.3%、1.0%、1.8%;应用原位观测方法估算出该水稻田的灌溉量在2 620～2 710 m³之间.③基于2#、4#观测点水深得到的TN、NH₄^-N、NO₃^--N、TP、COD_Cr输出系数的相对偏差在0.8%～8.0%之间.研究显示:水位计安装位置对原位观测方法应用的影响不大且主要体现在晒田期...     

影响地表水中总磷测定的因素探讨

总磷是评价水质的一项重要指标,现对样品中悬浮物(泥沙)含量、加酸保存样品保存时间与调节pH值对总磷测定的影响进行研究。结果表明,随着沉降时间的延长总磷测定值逐渐降低,加酸保存的样品总磷测定值随保存时间的延长而增高,且测定时是否调回中性对测定结果基本无影响。故进行地表水中总磷的测定需严格按照标准规定的样品采样过程控制采样沉降时间,加酸保存,24 h以内进行测定,测定时无需调回中性。