长庆油田4731B型非金属集输管道老化特性实验研究

为推广非金属复合管在油田集输油领域的应用，明确其在集输环境中的老化特性是关键问题。基于集输油现场的工程条件，针对长庆油田试用的4731B型钢丝缠绕增强复合管，以采出原油、采出水为实验介质，通过挂片实验、水压爆破实验，借助电镜扫描、拉伸测试对复合管内衬层老化行为、拉伸性能以及复合管极限承压与老化特性进行研究。结果表明:采出原油与采出水均可渗透扩散进入内衬层内部，还会发生局部深入渗透；采出原油、采出水的局部渗透速率分别可达3.4，10.6 mm/a；在某些工况下，内衬层表面产生裂纹；短时间（168 h）内的介质渗透甚至裂纹对其机械性能影响较小，而光氧老化影响显著；现场服役813 d后，复合管极限承压下降2.79%，表明复合管承压性能稳定。     

氢安全研究现状及面临的挑战

氢能具有储运便捷、来源多样、洁净环保等突出优点,许多国家把发展氢能作为重要的能源战略。氢安全是氢能大规模商业化应用的重要保障。在分析国内外氢安全领域近年来最新研究进展的基础上,依次从氢泄漏与扩散、氢燃烧与爆炸、氢与金属材料相容性及氢风险评价等方面,系统总结了国内外氢安全研究面临的挑战,并对我国氢安全的发展提出了建议。     

准静力拉格朗日元与离散元耦合方法及应用——以常村煤矿S6-7工作面为例

为了探究采动条件下采场上覆岩层的变形-开裂-运动过程,利用自主开发的适于准静力计算的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合的连续-非连续方法,针对常村煤矿S6-7工作面开展研究.结果表明,1)随工作面推进距离增加,首先,直接顶出现裂缝;然后,采场上覆岩层发生一定程度的弯曲变形、下沉和离层;之后,直接顶垮落,其上岩层破断,并发生明显的弯曲变形、下沉和离层,采空区局部闭合.此后,上述过程循环往复.2)将工作面煤壁前方和开切眼后方上覆岩层最大主应力大于0的最大范围定义为采动影响范围,通过分析悬露岩层长度和弯矩的变化解释了上述两部分采动影响范围的演化规律.3)通过分析工作面煤壁前方煤层支承压力峰值的变化解释了该部分煤层破碎区尺寸的演化规律.     

含阶梯结构的高层楼梯井内烟气湍流及输运特征量的全局敏感性分析

高层建筑竖井火灾中影响因素众多,并且各因素对高层楼梯井火灾中重要现象、关键数值等的影响大小不一,使得此类火灾中的实验或理论研究成本较高。通过建立全局敏感性分析平台,定量考察了高层楼梯井结构所涉及因素的影响大小,并能够方便地筛选掉对所考察量影响较小的因素,以降低实验或计算成本。使用数值模拟方法,通过CFD软件对包含阶梯几何框架的高层楼梯井结构火灾进行了共计60次工况计算。并且根据计算结果,使用全局参数敏感性分析方法,得出建筑尺寸、热释放速率、环境参数对高层楼梯井内烟气湍流特性及输运特性的敏感性排序。结果表明,火源热释放速率对各输出参数的影响均占38%以上。     

Determination of trace metal concentrations in soil profiles of municipal waste dumps in Nigeria

The concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and Co) were studied in soil profiles of eight municipal waste dump sites in Warri metropolis. The results indicate that concentrations of trace metals varied widely among the different dumpsites and decreased with depths in a studied soil profile. The accumulation pattern for the heavy metals in the soil profiles follows the order: Fe > Pb > Mn > Co > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd. The concentrations of metals found in these sites was below the Canadian remediation criteria for land for agricultural, residential and commercial/industrial purposes except for the cadmium levels in some sites that exceeded criterion values for agricultural and residential. In such sites, remedial actions are required before any form of chosen development can take place. The levels of heavy metals found in these dump sites were higher than that of the control site. The examined metals showed no significant correlation with soil physicochemical properties at the surface horizon, which is suggestive evidence that these metals arise from anthropogenic input.     

Critical Review of Norms and Standards for Biodegradable Agricultural Plastics Part II: Composting

The critical review of norms and standards and corresponding tests to determine the compostability of biodegradable plastics, possibly applicable also to biodegradable agricultural plastics, shows that many norms concerning testing and labelling of compostable plastics have been established at the international level. Some of them are about plastic materials, some others are about products like packaging. The media and conditions of testing cover mainly the conditions designed for industrial composting facilities, and only a few concern home composting conditions. Considering that the end of life management of biodegradable agricultural plastic products will be done at the farm to reduce the management of the waste and also its cost, only a few of these norms are considered to be suitable for adaptation to cover also biodegradable agricultural plastic products. The biodegradability validation criteria under composting conditions, such as the threshold percentage of biodegradation and disintegration, the time and temperature, and the ecotoxicity, are presented for the main norms and standard testing methods. Based on these different norms and their content, a list of specs and technical requirements that could be adapted to meet farm composting conditions for agricultural compostable plastics is proposed. These requirements may be used as criteria for the establishment of a new integrative norm for agricultural compostable plastics.     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

昌黎生态监控区夏季浮游植物群落年际变化特征分析

为研究昌黎生态监控区夏季浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子关系,采用2005~2013年夏季(8月)昌黎生态监控区海域浮游植物及环境因子的监测资料,基于Arc GIS 10.0和Canoco软件平台,运用典范对应分析方法,对浮游植物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,近9 a共鉴定出浮游植物3门23科39属105种,其中,硅藻门16科32属90种,占浮游植物总数的85.7%;甲藻门共6科6属14种,占总种类数的13.3%;金藻门1种.各年的优势种存在很大差异,按照优势度Y值的大小包括辐射圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus radiatus)、柔弱角毛藻(Coscinodiscus debilis)、笔尖根管藻(Rhizosolenia styliformis)、柏氏角管藻(Cerataulina bergoni)、威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)、海链藻(Thalassiosira sp.)、三角角藻(Ceratium tripos)、洛氏角毛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)、中肋骨条藻(Ceratium tripos)等.夏季细胞丰度年际变化较大,呈现逐渐降低的趋势.浮游植物的多样性指数H'值介于0.015~3.889,均匀度指数J值介于0.009~1,年际变化幅度较小;各站位间物种分布不均匀,优势种较少且优势度较大.对浮游植物群落与环境因子进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果表明影响夏季浮游植物群落结构变化的环境因子包括水温、营养盐(磷酸盐、硝酸氮、氨氮)、盐度等,且是各个环境因子相互作用的结果.     

电化学氢化物发生法处理含锑废水及对锑的回收

采用电化学氢化物发生法对模拟含锑废水进行处理,锑与水电解产生的氢形成氢化物从溶液中脱除,而后收集并加热分解锑化氢得到金属锑.实验表明,在酸性条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)去除效果较好,p H=4时去除率为76.1%.Sb(Ⅲ)与电解水产生的氢结合形成锑化氢从溶液中逸出是溶液中锑去除的最主要途径(回收率为66.2%),电沉积和吸附也对锑的去除做出少量贡献.Sb(Ⅴ)须预还原为Sb(Ⅲ)再氢化进行去除.试用了铅、石墨、钨这3种电解阴极材料,铅电极处理效果最佳.     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.