某处理厂CASS池改造工艺选择及运行效果

随着污水处理厂排到受纳水体标准的不断提高及区域污染物排放限值的要求,已建的污水处理厂需要提标改造提高排放标准。本文所提工程对现有的CASS池进行改造,通过投加悬浮填料形成CASS+MBBR工艺,其中TN污染物的去除率可提高到8%~15%间,其它污染物也能达到预期的设计标准。     

城郊关键带土壤中溶解性有机质的光谱特性及其时空变异

溶解性有机质(DOM)作为地球关键带中物质与能量循环的重要活性组分,其与关键带中诸多重要环境过程有着密切关系.本研究以宁波樟溪流域作为城郊关键带的典型代表区域,采集土壤样品,结合紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)进行特征表征,分析不同类型土壤中DOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节性变化规律.主要结果如下:林地DOC平均含量均大于耕地,其中林地秋季(15.4 mg·L~(-1))林地春季(12.5 mg·L~(-1));耕地秋季(11.9 mg·L~(-1))耕地春季(11.4 mg·L~(-1));DOM结构在紫外可见光谱下表现为耕地DOM芳香化程度(SUVA_(254))、疏水性组分(SUVA_(260))和分子量(S_R)较林地大,其中耕地秋季最为突出;三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)把土壤DOM分为5种组分,主要以富里酸类物质为主(C_1、C_3、C_5),也含有色氨酸、酪氨酸类蛋白质(C_4)和腐殖酸(C_2)等物质,其中耕地春季的腐殖化程度最大,耕地秋季比春季含有较多类蛋白质,林地较耕地含有更多的类蛋白质,林地春秋两季中DOM结构变化不大.     

地表水中10种抗生素SPE-HPLC-MS/MS检测方法的建立

应用固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)技术,建立了地表水中10种抗生素(甲氧苄啶、氨苄西林、头孢氨苄、头孢噻肟钠、红霉胺、罗红霉素、螺旋霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、夫西地酸钠)的分析检测方法.水样经过HLB小柱浓缩萃取之后,以反相色谱柱Shim-pack XR-ODS为分析柱,乙腈和0.1%甲酸-水溶液为流动相,采用HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)离子模式进行分析.结果表明,所建立方法的方法检出限(MDL)为0.0056—3.9675 ng·L~(-1),基质加标回收率为50%—127%,平行样品间相对标准偏差均小于11%(n=6).该方法操作简单、定性定量准确,检出限低,能够满足测定地表水环境中抗生素痕量残留的分析要求.应用该方法测定了北京地区清河地表水中上述10种抗生素的残留状况.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫相关基因表达的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)暴露对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫功能的影响,在实验室条件下,运用RT-PCR方法分析了PFOS暴露对半滑舌鳎热休克蛋白hsp70、hsp90、C型凝集素(c-type lectin)和细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase, cox)等4种免疫相关基因表达水平的影响。实验测定了上述4种基因在半滑舌鳎肝、鳃、肠及肌肉4种不同组织中随时间(0、24 h、48 h、96 h和7 d)的表达变化情况。结果表明,在4种组织中,hsp70基因的表达与对照相比为上调,其中,肝组织hsp70基因的表达量显著高于其他各组织,且表达高峰值的出现也早于其他各组织;hsp90基因在肝和鳃组织中表达量随时间不同而波动,在肠组织中表达上调,在肌肉中表达显著下调;c-type lectin基因表达量与对照组相比表达显著下调或无明显差异;cox基因在肝组织和肠组织中表达下调,在鳃和肌肉中表达上调。上述研究结果表明,PFOS能引起免疫相关基因的表达变化,对半滑舌鳎具有潜在的免疫毒性。肝组织中各免疫基因对PFOS胁迫的响应高于其他组织。本研究可为阐明全氟辛烷磺酸盐对半滑舌鳎的免疫毒性提供基础数据。     

Concentrations and accumulation rates of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil along an urban–rural gradient in Shanghai

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study proposed an in situ soil experimental system to quantify concentration and accumulation rates of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners...     

Compartmentation and effects of lead (Pb) in the collembolan,Folsomia candida

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The impact of soil lead (Pb) pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of the collembolan, Folsomia candida, and Pb compartmentation in its gut...     

Integrated factor analysis of water level variation in geographically isolated ponds

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Small geographically isolated ponds provide a multitude of ecological functions and services, but water table fluctuations alter the magnitude of...     

硫化锰纳米颗粒高效去除重金属镉

中国镉污染问题日益严峻,开发高效的镉吸附剂,是解决环境镉污染问题的重要技术手段。采用共沉淀方法合成了硫化锰纳米颗粒,研究了其对重金属镉的吸附行为,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)、比表面积(BET)等技术手段探究了硫化锰纳米颗粒的形貌、化学组分以及镉的去除机制。结果表明,MnS纳米颗粒呈球状,平均粒径100 nm,比表面积30.56 m~2·g~(-1)。MnS纳米颗粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附动力学数据较好地符合伪二级动力学模型;吸附等温线数据较好地符合Langmuir模型,说明MnS对Cd2+的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附。使用Langmuir拟合的MnS饱和最大镉吸附量为349.6 mg·g~(-1),在众多镉吸附材料中处于前列。对于模拟工厂重金属废水的处理,MnS纳米颗粒可以在5 h内使镉的浓度由60 mg·L~(-1)降至国家规定排放线以下(0.1 mg·L~(-1)),且吸附过程中水体pH稳定,对水体干扰小。在多种重金属离子共存的情况下,仍可以达到接近100%的Cd~(2+)去除率。硫化锰相对稳定,在空气中放置30 d仍有80%的镉去除率。较高的离子交换量形成CdS沉淀是MnS高效去除镉的主要原因。     

Little Egrets (Egretta Garzetta) and Trace-Metal Contamination in Wetlands of China

The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.     

用环己烷氧化副产物制备浮选剂

在固体酸催化剂作用下,用环己烷氧化制备环己酮的副产物——酸性油和轻质油进行酯化反应,制备了羧酸混合酯,酯化反应的最佳工艺条件：n（C4-C5醇）：n（有机羧酸）=1．2：1,催化剂质量分数为1．5％,反应温度为110-160℃,反应时间为5h。经应用评价结果表明,该羧酸混合酯是一种性能优异的选煤浮选剂。