粉末活性炭处理酚类突发性水污染的应用研究

以苯酚和多种氯酚(CPs)为代表的酚类是一类重要的有机污染物。针对饮用水突发性酚类污染物控制,考察了粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附工艺对苯酚及CPs的去除效果,并讨论了主要影响因素。结果表明,对CPs和苯酚的吸附反应可在10~60 min、300 min内完成,吸附速率从快到慢依次为TCP、MCP、DCP、PCP和苯酚。由于酚羟基(Ar—OH)电离作用受到影响,在3~11范围内去除率随pH值升高而降低。少量腐殖酸对吸附影响不大,但TOC质量浓度超过10 mg/L时腐殖酸可产生明显竞争吸附作用。热力学拟合表明,吸附反应符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式,苯酚/CPs在PAC上的吸附过程以物理吸附为主,且为放热反应,较低温度有利于吸附反应的进行。相比于准一级反应和孔内扩散反应,准二级动力学方程可较好地描述吸附过程。将PAC用于中山市某饮用水源的模拟突发性污染应急处理,投加10 mg/L的PAC即可有效去除原水中超过饮用水标准3~5倍的CPs类污染物,同时水处理成本仅有少量增加。     

二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响

利用相对分子质量分布、三维荧光光谱仪及红外光谱仪等方法研究了城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响。结果表明:城市污水二级出水中疏水性酸占42.8%,过渡亲水性酸占19.1%,亲水性有机物占38.1%;水中疏水性酸、过渡亲水性酸和亲水性有机物分别使膜通量减小32.8%、29.9%和18.6%,膜阻力增大106.6%、92.2%和58.6%;过渡亲水性酸为蛋白质类,相对分子质量主要在4000~30000 Da;亲水性有机物为脂肪类,主要集中在6 000 Da以下;疏水性酸物质为腐殖酸类,主要集中在4 000 Da以下,其中疏水性酸物质更容易引起超滤膜污染。     

好氧颗粒污泥快速培养影响参数及方法研究进展

针对好氧颗粒污泥培养速度慢、启动周期长等突出问题,通过综述好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒化主要影响参数以及促进颗粒化的方法,发现调整反应器的水力剪切力、沉降时间、有机负荷、饥饿期等参数有利于诱导微生物分泌更多的胞外聚合物(EPS),促进初期微生物聚集体的快速形成,从而缩短好氧颗粒化时间。因此,当前快速颗粒化的方法基本上是基于诱导初期颗粒聚集体快速形成或直接投加聚集体的方法缩短好氧颗粒化时。最后,总结好氧颗粒快速培养过程中存在问题,并提出好氧颗粒污泥形成机理的明晰、好氧颗粒化的标准以及培养指标体系的建立是解决相关问题的关键,以及今后的研究重点。     

地表水水质模型综合评价技术体系研究

水环境数学模型开发及应用的不规范会严重影响水环境管理决策的有效性和科学性.为了更好地发挥模型的职能,减少因采用的模型差异而造成差别管理等不公平因素,应当建立科学的模型筛选制度和评价体系.基于模型开发及应用的生命周期全过程,在文献调研和专家咨询基础上,提出了包含目标层、准则层和指标层的地表水水质模型综合评价指标和评价方法,其中指标层包括通用性、可靠性、友好性、先进性和易用性5个准则的29个指标.采用层次分析法和专家打分法确定指标值及指标权重,并以国内外常用的水质模型,即HEC-RAS、MIKE11、CE-QUAL-W2、WASP、EFDC和Delft3D模型为例,进行了水质模型的综合评价.案例应用的模型评价得分高低的排序依次为Delft3D、EFDC、CE-QUAL-W2、MIKE11、WASP和HEC-RAS模型,结果表明建立的水质模型综合评价技术体系科学、可靠、易用,可为我国水环境数学模型的规范化建设提供重要参考.      

工业铝灰资源化利用及管理政策研究现状与展望

实现铝灰的资源化利用可以有效节约资源、改善环境、提高经济效益,对铝行业发展具有重要意义。本文总结了铝灰的来源、分类、组成和危害性,并介绍了国内外针对铝灰的资源化利用技术,以及我国对于铝灰的管理政策。最后,展望了我国铝灰资源化利用未来技术和政策的发展前景,提出了相关建议。     

Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt batteries

Electric vehicles based on lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have seen rapid growth over the past decade as they are viewed as a cleaner alternative to conventional fossil-fuel burning vehicles, especially for local pollutant (nitrogen oxides [NO_x], sulfur oxides [SO_x], and particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 and 10 μm [PM_2.5 and PM₁₀]) and CO₂ emissions. However, LIBs are known to have their own energy and environmental challenges. This study focuses on LIBs made of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), since they currently dominate the United States (US) and global automotive markets and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. The effects of globalized production of NMC, especially LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ (NMC111), are examined, considering the potential regional variability at several important stages of production. This study explores regional effects of alumina reduction and nickel refining, along with the production of NMC cathode, battery cells, and battery management systems. Of primary concern is how production of these battery materials and components in different parts of the world may impact the battery’s life cycle pollutant emissions and total energy and water consumption. Since energy sources for heat and electricity generation are subject to great regional variation, we anticipated significant variability in the energy and emissions associated with LIB production. We configured Argonne National Laboratory’s Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET®) model as the basis for this study with key input data from several world regions. In particular, the study examined LIB production in the US, China, Japan, South Korea, and Europe, with details of supply chains and the electrical grid in these regions. Results indicate that 27-kWh automotive NMC111 LIBs produced via a European-dominant supply chain generate 65 kg CO₂e/kWh, while those produced via a Chinese-dominant supply chain generate 100 kg CO₂e/kWh. Further, there are significant regional differences for local pollutants associated with LIB, especially SO_x emissions related to nickel production. We find that no single regional supply chain outperforms all others in every evaluation metric, but the data indicate that supply chains powered by renewable electricity provide the greatest emission reduction potential.

     

重庆市区域性暴雨危险性定量分析及其时空分布规律研究

区域性暴雨是重庆市危害性最大的自然灾害之一,对其研究有助于科学地开展防灾减灾工作。利用重庆市34个国家基本气象站逐日降水资料,采用概率统计、Matlab小波分析和ArcGIS空间分析等方法,研究1962~2016年重庆市发生的176场区域性暴雨危险度及其时空分布规律。得出如下结论:选择区域性暴雨平均降水量、日降雨极值、区域性暴雨覆盖范围和持续时间4个指标评价重庆市区域性暴雨危险度。在176场区域性暴雨中,轻度危险出现83次,占47.16%;中度危险49次,占27.84%;重度危险35次,占19.89%;极重度危险9次,占5.11%。从时间变化上看,6月和7月是重庆市区域性暴雨的多发期,7月区域性暴雨危险度平均指数最高,其他月份相对较低;重庆市年区域性暴雨危险度存在7a和28a的变化周期;各年代的区域性暴雨发生次数及其危险度差异较小,但各年代内区域性暴雨危险度等级构成差异较大。从空间分布上看,区域性暴雨中心地区差异明显,渝东北部地区的开州和渝西部地区的荣昌是重庆市区域性暴雨中心;各季节的区域性暴雨中心也存在明显差异,春季区域性暴雨中心主要出现在渝西部地区,夏季主要出现在渝东北部和渝西部地区,秋季主要出现在渝东北部地区。     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.     

Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.     

2013-2015年十堰市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

利用十堰市空气自动监测站的监测数据,采用综合指数、空气质量指数(AQI)和Spearman秩相关系数法等评价方法,研究十堰市2013年-2015年环境空气质量变化情况及其影响因素,为城市的大气污染防治提供治理思路.结果表明:2013年-2015年十堰市城区空气质量逐年好转,除PM10和PM2.5外,其他因子均达标,污染物贡献比例中,PM10和PM2.5污染负荷占比超过50%,为主要污染物;十堰市城区空气质量整体呈夏季较好,冬季较差的趋势;全市中开发区铁二处空气质量较好,张湾区刘家沟空气质量较差;结合自然因素和人为因素,综合分析空气质量的变化情况,通过调整能源结构、减少污染源排放和使用清洁能源等多项措施,并注意季节特征和加强预警预报工作,进而改善空气质量.