Morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene/polypropylene plastics during pyrolysis and representative morphological signal characterizing pyrolysis stages

In this work, the morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) plastics during their pyrolysis process were investigated, and based on their basic image changing patterns representative morphological signals describing the pyrolysis stages were obtained. PE and PP granules and films were used as typical plastics for testing, and influence of impurities was also investigated. During pyrolysis experiments, photographs of the testing samples were taken sequentially with a high-speed infrared camera, and the quantitative parameters that describe the morphological characteristics of these photographs were explored using the “Image Pro Plus (v6.3)” digital image processing software. The experimental results showed that plastics pyrolysis involved four stages: melting, two stages of decomposition which are characterized with bubble formation caused by volatile evaporating, and ash deposition; and each stage was characterized with its own phase changing behaviors and morphological features. Two stages of decomposition are the key step of pyrolysis since they took up half or more of the reaction time; melting step consumed another half of reaction time in experiments when raw materials were heated up from ambient temperatures; and coke-like deposition appeared as a result of decomposition completion. Two morphological signals defined from digital image processing, namely, pixel area of the interested reaction region and bubble ratio (BR) caused by volatile evaporating were found to change regularly with pyrolysis stages. In particular, for all experimental scenarios with plastics films and granules, the BR curves always exhibited a slowly drop as melting started and then a sharp increase followed by a deep decrease corresponding to the first stage of intense decomposition, afterwards a second increase – drop section corresponding to the second stage of decomposition appeared. As ash deposition happened, the BR dropped to zero or very low values. When impurities were involved, the shape of BR curves showed that intense decomposition started earlier but morphological characteristics remained the same. In addition, compared to parameters such as pressure, the BR reflects reaction stages better and its change with pyrolysis process of PE/PP plastics with or without impurities was more intrinsically process correlated; therefore it can be adopted as a signal for pyrolysis process characterization, as well as offering guide to process improvement and reactor design.     

淮南—蚌埠段淮河流域沉积物中PAHs的分布及来源辨析

采用GC-MS对淮南至蚌埠段淮河流域水源地、支流及排污口采集沉积物中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析.结果表明,研究区水源地及其支流沉积物中PAHs含量范围为308.12～1090.37ng/g;排污口沉积物PAHs范围为1308.36～8793.16ng/g.沉积物PAHs组成以3～4环PAHs为主,5～6环PAHs相对较少.相对于TOC,BC与沉积物总PAHs的含量相关性更好.PAHs组成特征、主成分分析及多特征比值揭示淮南至蚌埠段淮河流域沉积物PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧,还有少量石油类产品的输入.生态风险评价结果显示,研究区沉积物中多数PAHs化合物已超出ER-L值和ISQV-L值,而姚家湾排污口沉积物PAHs部分化合物已超出ER-H值和ISQV-H值,表明沉积物中的PAHs对研究区环境已造成了极大的生态风险.     

外源甜菜碱对苋菜抗盐性与累积重金属特性的影响

用不同盐分(0.2%、0.4%)、重金属污染土壤进行盆栽实验,研究叶面喷施不同浓度甜菜碱(GB,1、10、50 mmol·L-1)对苋菜抗盐性与重金属累积的影响.结果表明,0.4%重度盐分胁迫下,喷施50 mmol·L-1甜菜碱可大幅提高苋菜茎叶部游离脯氨酸和总游离氨基酸含量;盐分胁迫抑制了苋菜根系对Ca、Mg、K、Fe的吸收,而叶面喷施甜菜碱可显著增强对Ca、Mg、K、Fe的吸收,K/Na、Ca/Na比值随着甜菜碱剂量的增加而逐渐增大.在0.4%盐分下,喷施50 mmol·L-1甜菜碱促使根系K/Na、Ca/Na比值分别增加了40.4%、34.1%,说明盐分越高,外源甜菜碱对苋菜抗盐性更明显.盐分胁迫下,外源甜菜碱明显提高了苋菜根系重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量.在0.4%盐分与喷施50 mmol·L-1甜菜碱条件下,苋菜根系对各重金属的累积增幅分别为22.1%、127.1%、63.4%、61.1%、56.1%.由根系重金属与盐分离子的相关性分析可知,0.4%盐分处理后,Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn与盐分离子、重金属的吸收变化呈显著正相关(p0.01);而在0.2%盐分处理下,只有Na与Ca、Cd与Cr、Cu与Zn的吸收变化呈显著正相关(p0.01).说明盐分含量较高,外源甜菜碱对苋菜抗盐胁迫效果越明显,对必需元素及其伴随吸收的非必需重金属元素吸收增加也越明显.     

南京地区大气PM1.1中OC、EC特征及来源解析

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了2011年南京地区大气PM1.1中OC、EC的含量,并具体探讨了其来源.结果表明,南师OC、EC年均浓度分别为10.10μg·m-3、2.52μg·m-3,南化分别为11.22μg·m-3、3.12μg·m-3,南化污染相对严重.夏季两地OC、EC含量较低,而冬春季较高,这与冬春季燃煤量增加,并且受内陆西风及逆温的影响,污染物集中在南京市上空不易扩散有关.两地PM1.1中SOC/TOC均在夏季较高,冬季最低.秋季SOC和O3有较好的相关性,表明秋季光化学反应是SOC的重要生成途径.     

宁夏电网自动发电控制优化策略的研究

针对宁夏电网自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)方式单一的问题,对目前的 AGC 控制策略进行优化。将单一的区域偏差控制(Area Control Error,ACE)划分为多区域多目标控制,主控制区主要以联络线 ACE 为主,分控制区在断面稳定裕度较大时以主控制区控制目标为主,在断面稳定裕度较小时以断面稳定控制为目标。优化结果表明:AGC 优化策略能将稳定断面和联络线交换功率控制在合格范围内,达到了宁夏电网 AGC 目标。     

土水特征曲线差异及其对试样力学性质的影响研究

相同条件下制备的重塑试样可能获得不同的土水特征曲线,导致试样的平衡饱和度存在差异,进而对非饱和土试样的力学性质产生影响。基于压力板仪对4个环刀试样的土水特征曲线进行量测,进而通过直剪试验对其力学性质进行研究。结果表明:土水特征曲线存在差异,而环刀的侧壁防护作用对土水特征曲线有重要影响;相同基质吸力下,饱和度对试样的力学性质影响明显,饱和度较小的试样具有较大的峰值强度,而饱和度相近的试样则表现出几乎一致的力学性质;撕裂带的产生对法向位移有着加成作用,但未对试样力学性质造成明显影响,而破坏面的凹凸情况将影响试样的峰值强度;受到试样与陶土板间连通性的影响,饱和度的差异可能随基质吸力的增大而反复出现。     

5种化学品对丽斑麻蜥和日本鹌鹑的毒性研究

目前,在化学品生态风险评价体系中对爬行动物的毒性效应研究较少。本研究参考鸟类急性经口毒性试验建立了我国本土爬行动物——丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)的急性毒性测试方法,来评价化学品对爬行动物和鸟类的毒性效应之间的差异。选择异氰酸酯、1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮、2,4-二氯苯酚、苯并噻唑和二苯甲酮5种化学品分别对丽斑麻蜥进行暴露实验,并与鸟类模式物种——日本鹌鹑(Coturnix japonica)的急性毒性结果进行比较。结果发现异氰酸酯和苯并噻唑对丽斑麻蜥7 d的半数致死剂量(7 d-LD50)分别为125 mg·kg~(-1)和500 mg·kg~(-1),而对日本鹌鹑的7 d-LD50值分别为27 mg·kg~(-1)和37 mg·kg~(-1);1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮、2,4-二氯苯酚和二苯甲酮对丽斑麻蜥的7 d-LD50值分别为909 mg·kg~(-1)、787 mg·kg~(-1)和528 mg·kg~(-1),而对日本鹌鹑7 d-LD50值均大于剂量上限1 000 mg·kg~(-1)。结果表明,丽斑麻蜥和日本鹌鹑对相同化学品的毒性敏感性是存在差异的,用鸟类来评价化学品对爬行动物的潜在风险可能不够准确,应该重视化学品对爬行动物的毒性效应研究。同时,以本土爬行动物的代表物种丽斑麻蜥作为化学品环境风险评价的模式生物,对保护我国本土物种及其多样性、维持生态平衡具有重要意义。     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

环境风险预警方法与应急成套装备的应用展望

介绍了环境风险预警方法建立的环境风险预警指标体系、环境风险源管理平台、环境风险源风险评估技术方法以及模块式应急成套装备的技术特点等;分析了环境风险预警方法与应急成套设备在危险化学品环境风险与应急管理,在区域大气环境挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)监控预警等方面的实际需求。面临现实的环境风险状况从环境风险防控与应急工程技术研究中心建设角度提出了需进一步完善、开发的环境风险预测预警技术与应急成套装备等新思路。