UASB处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水启动及产气性能研究

利用外循环上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素和产气性能,分析反应器运行特征。在容积负荷为8.1 kg COD/(m3·d)时反应器取得最佳的运行效果,此时COD平均去除率86.9%,出水VFA为204.0 mg/L。该负荷下单位容积平均产气率2.2 L/(L·d),消耗单位有机物平均产气率316.9 m L/g COD,甲烷平均含量70.5%。该研究可为UASB处理高浓度养殖废水的启动提供依据。     

2000～2010年贵州省植被净初级生产力时空变化研究

为了探明贵州省植被净初级生产力(NPP)在2000~2010年的变化状况,以2000~2010年植被NPP数据为基础,运用ArcG IS和SPSS进行综合分析。结果表明:近11年间,草地、城镇用地、阔叶林、针叶林和湿地等面积呈增加趋势,而灌木林和农田则持续减少,其中农田面积变化尤为明显;2000~2010年贵州省植被NPP变化较大,NPP变化范围为778~889 g/(m2·a),平均值为828.1 g/(m2·a),NPP缓慢上升趋势;全省NPP分布有明显地域性差异,铜仁和六盘水为显著增加(P0.05),其余地州市增加缓慢(P0.05)。黔东南年均NPP最高((927±111)g/(m 2·a)),毕节最低((725±107)g/(m2·a))。NPP变化趋势为东南向西北方向递减,而往西北方向NPP波动程度明显;阔叶林和灌木林缓慢下降,而针叶林和针阔混交林则上升。NPP表现为针阔混交林阔叶林针叶林灌木林。     

烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6的固定化、降解特性及其工程化应用

以海藻酸钠为载体,对烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6进行细胞固定化,通过单因素实验明确了菌株包埋SY-6的最优条件,并对其降解特性进行研究。结果表明,当海藻酸钠含量为4%,Ca Cl2含量为3%,固化时间为4 h,制得的固定化小球具有较强的机械强度和较好的传质性能及其对烟嘧磺隆的降解率较高。固定化细胞降解烟嘧磺隆的最佳条件为p H为7.0、温度为30℃、包菌量为5%。在不同p H或温度下,与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞有较宽泛的耐受性。将包埋的SY-6投加到序批式反应器(简称SBR)中处理烟嘧磺隆废水,结果表明,菌株SY-6在合适的使用周期内稳定性较高且对烟嘧磺隆废水降解效果较好,为烟嘧磺隆固定化细菌的工程化应用奠定了基础。     

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO2-deposited diatomites: Highly efficient absorbents for the removal of Cr(VI)

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO₂-deposited diatomites have been prepared using a hydrothermal method with Mn(Ac)₂, KMnO₄ and/or MnSO₄ as Mn source and diatomite as support. Physical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous analytical techniques, and their behaviors in the adsorption of chromium(VI) were evaluated. It is shown that the MnO₂-deposited diatomite samples with different morphologies possessed high surface areas and abundant surface hydroxyl groups (especially the wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample). The wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample showed the best performance in the removal of Cr(VI), giving the maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 101 mg/g.     

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO2-deposited diatomites: Highly efficient absorbents for the removal of Cr(VI)

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO₂-deposited diatomites have been prepared using a hydrothermal method with Mn(Ac)₂, KMnO₄ and/or MnSO₄ as Mn source and diatomite as support. Physical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous analytical techniques, and their behaviors in the adsorption of chromium(VI) were evaluated. It is shown that the MnO₂-deposited diatomite samples with different morphologies possessed high surface areas and abundant surface hydroxyl groups (especially the wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample). Thewire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample showed the best performance in the removal of Cr(VI), giving the maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 101 mg/g.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

关于污染场地治理修复的探讨

分析了污染场地管理面临的突出问题：中国在污染土壤管理的法律法规和标准不健全、公众对污染场地的关注度不高、中国污染场地修复技术框架和设施的研发尚不成熟,现有的技术支撑条件难以满足污染场地修复工作的需求。结合污染场地管理和场地风险评估、土地利用功能、场地修复技术,提出了场地修复管理急需开展的工作。指出破解污染场地管理和修复难题的关键是：健全土壤专项法律法规、优化土地空间用途、按照土壤反退化原则化解土壤环境风险、完善土壤治理修复技术框架。     

基于物联网技术的环保能力建设研究

环保能力建设是环境规划的重要组成部分。物联网作为信息技术的深度拓展应用,在国家和山西省的环境保护“十二五”规划中都提出要推进物联网技术在环保领域的应用,加强环保监管能力建设。本文研究分析了山西省环保监管能力建设现状与需求,围绕环保物联网的三层技术架构和三条业务主线构建了山西省环保物联网建设的总体框架,实现了三个方面的环境管理创新。环保物联网建设对于进一步推动我省环保能力建设向科学化、精细化和智能化转变,实现“十二五”乃至“十三五”环境规划战略目标具有重要意义。     

基于ETM+的遥感蚀变信息提取研究——以青海省拉陵灶火地区为例

矿化蚀变信息是遥感找矿重要的标志。在总结前人研究的基础上,以青海省拉陵灶火地区为实例,对经典的Crosta主成分分析方法进行改进,采用ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+3/ETM+1、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5和ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5、ETM+7提取铁染和羟基蚀变异常信息;通过对比,认为改进后的方法找矿效果更好,为今后该区遥感蚀变信息提取提供新思路。     

重庆市综合灾害风险模糊综合评价

在重庆市灾害系统研究的基础上,依据科学性、系统性、可靠性和简明性的原则,结合实际选取评价因子,初步建立了重庆市综合灾害风险评价指标体系。以统计资料及政府公开资料为主要数据来源。使用模糊综合评判(FCE)方法构建数学模型,采用二级综合评判对重庆市各评价单元灾害风险度进行评判。根据最大隶属度原则,将重庆市各区县灾害风险度划分为五个等级,并使用GIS软件生成"重庆市灾害风险等级分布图"。最后对评判结果分析得出以下结论:(1)重庆市整体灾害综合风险水平较高;(2)全市存在两个灾害高风险等级中心;(3)沿长江、嘉陵江、乌江干流的各区县综合灾害风险等级高于其他各区县。