固定化解脂耶氏酵母处理油脂废水研究

利用海藻酸钙包埋固定的解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)分别降解以色拉油为惟一碳源和以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的污水,结果表明,在最佳处理条件下,固定化细胞在50 h内,能较好地降解废水中浓度为2 000 mg/L的色拉油和浓度为2 000 mg/L 的COD,降解率都在80%以上;固定化细胞对色拉油、COD降解效率随着时间的延长而增加、随着底物浓度的增加而下降;与未固定菌株相比,固定化细胞有着更好的储存稳定性和可重复使用性,结果进一步提示固定化解脂耶氏酵母适于含油废水以及高COD含量的生活污水处理。     

污泥果肥利用中重金属迁移特征研究

为了厦门城市污泥的安全利用,将石渭头污水处理厂污泥经过好氧堆肥后施用于柚子树,对重金属元素在土壤、树叶及果肉中的迁移特征进行了研究。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的富集能力强;重金属元素从土壤向树叶迁移累积能力比向果肉的大得多,污泥肥料不能用于叶类食用植物的施用;Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移累积能力强;泥肥的施用加重了土壤中Cd的污染,提高了Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移能力;污泥果肥利用需降低Ni的浓度,对污泥中含量较高的Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Cd需进行跟踪检测。     

基于模糊综合评价的流域社会经济活动对太湖生态影响评价研究

太湖是我国的五大淡水湖之一。太湖流域是我国经济最发达、水污染最严重的地区之一,正面临着严重的环境问题。随着太湖流域社会经济的发展,太湖流域生态环境将承受更大的压力。因此,分析人类社会经济活动对太湖流域生态的影响,对研究太湖生态环境具有重要意义。采用系统分析的方法,围绕流域人类社会经济活动对湖泊生态安全的影响,建立湖泊生态安全的评价指标体系,利用层次分析法计算各指标因子的权重。在此基础上,以太湖流域2005年和2006年相关数据为依据,以MATLAB为工具,根据模糊数学的原理,利用多级模糊综合评价的方法对太湖进行生态综合评价,确定流域社会经济活动对整个湖泊生态系统的影响。研究结果表明,3个重要指数得分高低顺序依次为：水体环境状态指数＞水体污染负荷指数＞社会经济压力指数;除了点源污染以外,面源污染也是太湖流域生态环境问题的重要根源。     

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in China and chemometric analysis of potential emission sources

Aimed to give a preliminary image of dioxin pollution in China, chemometric analysis was performed to determine background dioxin levels during the period 1994-2002 and potential emission sources. Using principal components analysis (PCA), the congener profiles of 71 sediment samples from rivers, lakes, and sea bays around China were compared with the congener profiles of various known or suspected industrial, residential, and municipal dioxin sources to determine whether the dioxin residues typically found in a broad range of potential environmental sources could explain the presence of these chemicals in China. It was found that the background dioxin levels of China were similar to those of lightly polluted samples from other countries during the period 1994-2002. Primary ferrous ore sintering and secondary lead and aluminum smelters were the major sources of dioxin emission in China. Chloranil and wastewater from chemical plants, sodium pentachlorophenate, and pulp bleaching were also important sources of dioxin emission. Open burning of e-waste as well as diesel-fueled and leaded gas-fueled vehicles were additional possible sources of dioxin. In contrast to other countries, in China, flue gases from incineration of municipal waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste might be minor sources of dioxin emission.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish blood collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in zooplankton and five fish species collected from Gaobeidian Lake, which receives discharge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. The mean total PFCs in five fish were in the order: crucian carp > common carp > leather catfish > white semiknife carp > tilapia. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) occurred at the greatest concentrations, with mean concentrations ranging from 5.74 to 64.2 ng/ml serum. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was the second dominant PFC in fish samples except for common carp in which perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was dominant. A positive linear relationship (r² = 0.85, p < 0.05) was observed between ln PFOS concentrations (ln ng/ml) and trophic level (based on δ¹⁵N) if tilapia was excluded. The risk assessment showed that PFOS might not pose an immediate risk to fish in Gaobeidian Lake.     

镉对3株不同地点生长的大麻生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了研究镉胁迫对不同大麻生长的影响,以来自山西的大麻M1和来自甘肃的大麻M2、M3为材料,通过土培盆栽试验,研究了镉胁迫对大麻SPAD值、光合参数、不同组织碳水化合物含量和矿质元素含量的影响及不同地点株间差异。结果表明:镉胁迫显著降低大麻SPAD值,及其光合能力,且不同植株间存在显著差异,M1受抑制严重;镉胁迫使大麻地上部蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著升高,根系、叶片和籽粒淀粉含量显著降低。镉含量分析结果显示,镉主要滞留在根系中,其中M1镉积累量最高;镉胁迫显著抑制了大麻M1根系对锰和铜元素的吸收,同时也影响了其在地上部各器官的分配和积累,降低了M3对锌元素的吸收。镉对大麻的影响因大麻不同植株间及组织部位而异。     

水稻幼穗分化特异性启动子pRFL的克隆和特征分析

组织特异性启动子能够驱动基因在特定的时期和部位表达,克服组成型启动子启动的外源基因在受体植物中非特异、持续、高效表达所造成的浪费,是基因工程技术最重要元件之一.本研究利用PCR技术从水稻基因组中克隆了幼穗分化特异表达基因RFL翻译起始位点上游2 001 bp的启动子序列,命名为pRFL.生物信息分析显示,该片段含有36个转录起始核心启动子元件TATA-box和多个启动子增强子区顺式作用元件CAAT-box,以及多个光反应调控元件和植物激素响应元件等.将其与GUS基因构建成植物表达载体,导入水稻"日本晴",组织化学染色法检测显示,转基因水稻植株叶片、茎均无GUS显色,花序及发育中的小花有较强表达;荧光定量PCR测定幼穗GUS基因转录活性,显示pRFL驱动的GUS基因表达量比actin启动子驱动的GUS基因表达量高2.9倍.上述结果初步证明了pRFL为幼穗分化特异性启动子.     

Assessment of urban sustainability efficiency based on general data envelopment analysis: a case study of two cities in western and eastern China

Sustainable urban development focuses on enhancing urban well-being, while also balancing the demands of urban social and economic development, natural resource consumption, and environmental pollution. This work used general data envelopment analysis to assess the urban sustainability efficiency (USE) and sustainability potential (SP) in Lanzhou and Xiamen, two cities that are characteristic of urban areas in western and eastern China. The assessment indicator system included important natural and urban welfare factors as input and output indices, respectively. The results showed that overall urban sustainability efficiency increased in Lanzhou and Xiamen from 1985 to 2010, but that the sustainability of natural resources clearly decreased. The urban sustainability efficiency of Xiamen was higher than that of Lanzhou, and the sustainability potential of Xiamen was lower than that of Lanzhou; this indicates that Xiamen performed better in terms of urban sustainable development. The urban sustainability efficiency in Xiamen has increased with increasing urban population, and the rate and scale of economic development have been higher than in Lanzhou. The assessment and analysis performed in this study show that cities with different natural resources and development characteristics have different forms, patterns, and trajectories of sustainable development.     

概率分析法在污水海洋排放近区模拟中的应用

污水海洋排放时需要分析排放口近区的羽流几何特性和稀释特性,概率分析法是其中重要的方法之一．本文阐述了概率分析法的基本原理,通过实例演示了概率分析法应用于污水海洋排放近区模拟分析的过程． 根据概率分析法所提供的结果,总结了概率分析法的优点,即提供了排放口近区的全面信息,由此可以进行后续工作,如远区模拟和风险评估;结合实例, 指出了应用概率分析法的局限,它对输入信息量和计算速度（ 计算工作量） 的要求较高;随计算机运算速度的提高和自动监测技术的发展,应用概率分析法的这一局限可以克服,因此,概率分析法具有广阔的应用前景．     

TiO2膜固载型多孔催化剂的光催化分解试验

以多孔基质为载体,用溶胶-凝胶法制备出载ＴｉＯ２薄膜的多孔型光催化剂。用Ｘ射线衍射和扫描电镜对催化剂的物相和形貌进行了表征，此催化剂能在光照下分解水溶液中四环素抗菌素。经１ｈ光照，四环素的分解率可达８５％左右。