活性污泥法动力学模型应用中的参数校核

对国际水协的活性污泥法动力学模型在应用中遇到的参数校核问题进行研究 ,总结了目前常用的三种方法 :专家法、灵敏度分析法和过程工程 (ProcessEngineering)法。分析了每种方法的原理、优点和不足之处 ,列举了实际应用的例子。     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.     

钙对紫外辐射B胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响

采用模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)的盆栽实验法,研究钙离子对紫外B辐射胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响.结果显示,在紫外辐射胁迫下(0.35W/m²,每日照射6h,连续照射7d),2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦,地下与地上部生长指标均明显低于对照植株(降幅为8.1%～36.1%).而6mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗,各种生长指标的降幅(3.2%～28.6%)低于2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗.表明钙离子具有缓解紫外辐射伤害小麦幼苗的效应,这同钙离子对小麦幼苗部分生理生化指标的影响有关.     

序批式膜生物反应器同时脱氮除磷的比较研究

对比了厌氧-好氧(AO)及厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A²O)2种运行模式序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)对模拟生活污水同时脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,2种运行模式的SBMBR对有机物及氨氮的去除率分别可保持在90%和95%以上.A²O MBR具有更强的释磷能力,其SPRR₃₀(前30min比释磷速率)比AO MBR高出47.5%;但SPUR₃₀(前30min比吸磷速率)却比AO MBR低,这是导致前者膜出水中TP值较后者高的原因之一.2个系统内污泥均有反硝化除磷能力,A²O MBR中DPAO(反硝化聚磷菌)的比例比AO MBR提高了57%;硝酸盐为电子受体时单位电子转移所吸收的磷,前者比后者高30%.这2个因素双重作用的结果导致了A²O MBR反硝化除磷能力的提高.A²O MBR系统曝气时间减半并没有加重膜污染,反而该系统的膜污染相对较轻.膜对有机物有较好的过滤截留作用,污泥沉降性能对SBMBR出水水质影响很小.     

The Control of Land-Use Patterns for Stormwater Management at Multiple Spatial Scales

While most research about the relationship between land use and watershed hydrological output has focused primarily on land-use types and their impact on hydrological processes, the relationship between characteristics of land-use patterns (such as pattern fragmentation, connectivity, and coherence) and hydrological processes has not been well examined. Using historical stormwater data, this study evaluates the hydrological effects of different land-use scenarios in the Qing-shui watershed in Beijing, China, at a variety of spatial scales. This study demonstrates that planning and managing land-use patterns can significantly reduce runoff under different scales, particularly for small storm events. In contrast to other aspects of land-use structure characteristics, such as the shape complexity of land-use patches, fragmented level of the patches of land-use types appear as dominant drivers of runoff. The results of the study suggest that land-use pattern management should be an important component of Best Management Practices to reduce the impacts of urbanization on natural hydrological processes.     

海上钻井废弃物排放的法规与对策

由于海上废弃物排放法律法规非常严格，使得海上石油工业形势严峻。面对这一情况，美国和加拿大等国家纷纷制定出对石油生产的要求。为了保证其实施，钻井及钻井液公司采取了诸如研究和开发钻井液添加剂体系等各种环境保护对策。     

基于归一化差值植被指数的极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响遥感分析

以年际同期归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)作为评价指标,分析极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响的时空分布特征,提出旱灾可能造成的生态影响及应采取的管理和科研措施. 结果表明:2009年8月—2010年3月,西南地区的生态系统受极端干旱天气影响显著,威胁程度呈上升趋势;贵州、广西和云南三省(自治区)受干旱影响的生态系统面积先后超过各省份生态系统总面积的80%,生态系统强度变差区集中在云南的中东部、贵州西南部和广西西北部等地区;农田生态系统受损严重,农作物大面积枯死或绝收;大量水库、池塘干涸,河流水位明显下降,部分河流断流,危及水生生物生存;自然植被影响明显,植被生长明显受到抑制,干热河谷地带和岩溶地形区域植被大面积退化,威胁当地生物多样性.      

秦皇岛市大气污染的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析方法对秦皇岛市大气环境质量的影响因素进行筛选,得出各项因素的主次关系。研究表明,煤炭使用量、港口吞吐量和机动车保有量的增加是影响秦皇岛市大气环境质量的重要因素。基于此,提出政府应大力发展清洁能源、加强港口煤尘治理和机动车污染防治等建议。     

绿色屋顶雨洪调控能力与效益评价

日益频发的城市内涝灾害引起了社会各界的广泛关注,其主要原因是快速城市化导致的不透水面增加.绿色屋顶能够有效增加城市透水面面积,进而从源头上控制雨水径流,具有重要的生态环境效益.本文以南京市金陵小学行政楼的绿色屋顶为研究区,收集了17个月（2016-06~2017-10）中的76起降雨与径流数据,探讨了场地尺度上绿色屋顶的综合径流调控能力,辨识了影响其径流调控能力的主要因素,并基于生命周期评价理论与方法对其30年生命周期下的雨洪调控效益进行了定量评价.结果表明：①该绿色屋顶的平均截流率为62.7%,可有效削减雨水径流量和洪峰流量、延缓径流发生时间和峰现时间.②绿色屋顶对于中小型降雨具有较强的截流能力,但当其滞留能力达到饱和状态或未完全恢复时,即使是小型降雨,其截流能力也会大幅降低.③绿色屋顶径流调控能力的主要影响因素为降雨量、降雨强度和生长基质含水量.④绿色屋顶建设的成本效率为12.51元·m^-3,费效比为5/12（0.41）,经济效益较高.本研究结果可为绿色屋顶的规划建设、推广普及政策制定提供重要的科学依据和决策参考.     

Numerical simulation study on air quality in aircraft cabins

Air pollution is one of the main factors that affect the air quality in aircraft cabins, and the use of different air supply modes could influence the distribution of air pollutants in cabins. Based on the traditional ceiling air supply mode used on the B737NG, this study investigated another 3 different kinds of air supply modes for comparison: luggage rack air supply mode, joint mode combining ceiling and luggage rack air supply, and joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply. Under the above 4 air supply modes, the air velocity, temperature and distribution of air pollutants in a cabin full of passengers were studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and formaldehyde were selected as 2 kinds of representative air pollutants. The simulation results show that the joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply can create a more uniform distribution of air velocity and temperature, has a better effect on the removal of CO₂ and formaldehyde, and can provide better air quality in cabins than the other 3 modes.