PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals, PCDD/F and PAHs in sewage sludge was investigated from six different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Beijing City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Zn in Wujiacun (WJC) sewage sludge, and Cd and Hg in sewage sludge generated from all of the six different places are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used for agriculture (GB18918-2002). The levels of 16 PAHs that have been categorized as priority pollutants by US EPA in the sewage sludge samples varied from 2467 to 25923 microg/kg (dry weight), the highest values of 25923 microg/kg being found in WJC WWTP. The concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene were as high as 6.1mg/kg dry weight in WJC sewage sludge, exceeding the maximum permitted content by GB18918-2002. Individual PAH content varies considerably with sewage samples. The ratios of anthracene to anthracene plus phenanthrene (An/178), benz[a]anthracene to benz[a]anthracene plus chrysene (BaA/228), indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene to indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene plus benzo[g,h,i]perylene (In/In+BP), and fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene (Fl/Fl+Py) suggest that petroleum and combustion of fossil fuel were the dominant contributions for the PAHs in sewage sludge. The concentrations of total PCDD/F in the sewage sludge ranged from 330 to 4245 pg/g d.w. The toxicity equivalent concentrations is between 3.47-88.24 pg I-TEQ according to NATO/CCMS, which is below Chinese legislation limit value proposed for land application. The PCDD/F congener/homologue profiles found in the Beijing samples indicated that the high chlorinated PCDD/F contamination might originate mainly from PCP-related source and depositional sources while the low chlorinated PCDD/F homologues could be originating from incineration or coal combustion. The major source of PCDD/Fs in Beijing sludge is still unclear.     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K(ow)). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

致突变的致癌剂和非致癌剂在引发DNA股间交联上的显著差别

借碱洗脱法证明：具有致突变能力的致癌剂1,2－二溴乙烷和肼在经过代谢活化后,均剂理相关地引起L1210细胞中DNA的股间交联。相反,动物致癌试验表现阴性的突变剂溴乙烷,以及通过各种致癌动物试验均显示阴性的传统常用致突变剂羟胺,在代谢活化以后的同样条件下均不能引起L1210细胞中DNA的股间交联。这证明了双区理论的致癌观点,即致癌剂必须是双官能烷化剂,其同时引起互补碱对的交联将引起癌变。相反,股内单一碱基的变异则可能引起致突变作用。并用APCI／SIM（大气压化学电离／选择离子质谱）证明：1,2－二溴乙烷与DNA碱基对的模型反应,与致突实验一致主要引起G－C对的交联和发生G－C→A－T突变。     

杭州湾北岸多年水沙特性变化及原因探讨

强潮作用下杭州湾北岸受到围垦等人类活动的影响.基于1982和2017年实测数据对比分析了35年来杭州湾北岸的潮流、含沙量、盐度和地形变化.研究表明:与1982年相比,区域内的潮流场结构整体不变,各测点均呈往复流态势,多年来涨潮流速大于落潮流速;研究区域内多年垂向平均含沙量下降22％,底部高浓度集中,表底层浓度梯度增大,含沙量高值区在空间上的分布由芦潮港向湾内移动,金山深槽区的含沙量增长了79％.综合岸线和水下地形变化与长江减沙、地貌冲淤和局地人类活动密切相关,杭州湾北岸仍将面临侵蚀的风险威胁.     

Calculation and decomposition of regional household energy consumption in China: based on perspectives of urbanization and residents’ consumption

Demographic urbanization caused great changes in scale of residents’ consumption and residents’ lifestyle and then impacted changes of regional household energy consumption. This paper expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption into the model. It also analyzed the influences of six factors as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit on regional household energy consumption. Results showed that in 2003–2012, impact of urbanization on regional household energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size. The “population gathered in eastern region” phenomenon caused eastern region getting the largest population scale effect. Driving force of residential consumption on regional household energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects. Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumption compared with government consumption, investment, and net export, the decrease of consumption ratio promoted the growth of regional household energy consumption. Energy intensity in Chinese three regions kept reducing in 2003–2012. The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional household energy consumption, and energy intensity effect was most significant in the central region.     

中国5种土壤跳虫对重金属镍的毒性响应

为了研究镍(Ni~(2+))对不同种类跳虫的毒性效应,将曲毛裸长(Sinella curviseta)、四刺泡角(Ceratophysella duplicispinosa)、小原等节(Proisotoma minuta)、茉莉花长角(Entomobrya sp.)、符氏直棘(Orthonychiurus folsomi)5种中国优势跳虫物种,在琼脂培养基环境下分别暴露于Ni~(2+)的8个浓度组中进行24 h、72 h-LC_(50)急性毒性试验和28 d生存试验。利用Bliss法测得其5种跳虫的24 h-LC_(50)分别为52.99、35.91、33.46、23.72、13.50 g·L~(-1);72 h-LC_(50)为46.25、4.54、13.37、14.79、4.35 g·L~(-1)。在28d生存试验中得到成虫存活数量和繁殖情况。结果表明,5种跳虫中曲毛裸长对镍有较强的耐受性,茉莉花长角和小原等节次之,四刺泡角和符氏直棘较弱。符氏直棘与四刺泡角相比,随时间增加对镍的耐受性有相对增强的趋势。此外,Ni~(2+)对跳虫的毒性影响表现出阶段性的阈值效应。Ni~(2+)对5种跳虫的繁殖均有抑制作用。     

有机氯农药硫丹的生殖毒性及其机制研究进展

硫丹作为一种广谱有机氯农药,在农业区域周边的土壤和水体中都存在较高残留,2011年被斯德哥尔摩公约列入持久性有机污染物(POPs)名单。硫丹已被证实对神经系统、心血管系统、肝、肾等具有毒性作用,关于其生殖毒性的研究很多,但潜在机制尚不完全清楚。本文总结了硫丹导致的不同动物的生殖毒性,并从生殖器官和生殖细胞损伤、氧化应激以及DNA损伤、生殖细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡等方面,对近年来硫丹生殖毒性及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,并对其中存在的问题进行讨论,以期有助于深入了解硫丹的毒性效应。     

煤矸石制备Sialon材料影响因素研究

煤矸石还原氮化法制备Sialon材料的影响因素很多,主要有原料组成、反应温度和保温时间、添加剂的种类和用量、N2的流量和压强以及原料的粒度等.结合实验研究,分析了部分因素对制备Sialon材料的影响.     

“混凝气浮-膜生物反应器”处理林化废水工程运行调试研究

本文中根据林化废水特征确定使用"混凝气浮-膜生物反应处理器"的工艺进行处理。工程中硫酸铝的投加量为40mg/L,PAM的投加量为3mg/L,在废水pH值为7～8时进水COD、SS、OIL为279mg/L、20mg/L、26mg/L,进行混凝气浮后,出水的COD、SS、OIL浓度依次为135mg/L、9.6mg/L、9.5mg/L,去除率分别达到了52%、50%、64%。膜生物反应系统的调试,以污泥接种的方式进行污泥培养驯化。初期以面粉作为营养源清水培养污泥,按照7天左右的周期按每次30m3/d的污水进水量逐渐增加污水的比例,直到完全进水,调试驯化期污泥浓度控制在2500～3000mg/L。正常运转中污泥浓度可达到5000mg/L左右,出水水质COD、SS、OIL浓度分别达到30mg/L、6mg/L、3mg/L,符合处理目标要求。     

含铜废催化剂中铜的回收

采用热解—氨浸工艺处理含铜废催化剂（w（Cu）为23.6%）,优化了工艺条件,并通过蒸氨还原法制备出Cu₂O产品。实验结果表明：热解工段中,控制管式热解炉的空气流量为3.0 m³/min,在升温速率20 ℃/min、热解终温600 ℃、终温保持时间90 min的优化条件下,含铜废催化剂中的有机物热解完全;氨浸工段中,以NH₄Cl-NH₃-H₂O溶液为氨浸液,控制氨浸温度为40 ℃,在烧成料研磨时间90 min（粒径29.43 μm）、氨浸液总氨浓度4 mol/L、氨浸时间80 min的优化条件下,铜浸出率达到98%;经蒸氨还原法制得的Cu₂O产品的质量符合HG/T 2961—2010《工业氧化亚铜》中的一等品标准,产率为24%。