Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China

Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.     

一种多DTC基团重金属螯合剂的合成及处理含铜废水性能

合成了一种新的二硫代氨基甲酸盐类重金属螯合剂CDTC,并对其处理游离铜离子、EDTA络合铜和柠檬酸络合铜废水的性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:CDTC能直接去除已络合的铜,对不同形态的Cu2+去除率均达99%以上,处理后的废水中Cu2+剩余浓度达到我国<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)一级标准;在废水pH=...     

无机材料对固定化微生物凝胶球性能的影响

为了提高固定化微生物凝胶球的性能,实验研究了在凝胶球中添加无机材料粉末活性炭、SiO2、CaCO3和人造沸石,并从固定化微生物凝胶球的生物活性、机械强度、微观结构和溶出性多方面考核,比较不同无机材料对凝胶球性能的影响。研究结果表明,添加CaCO3能明显提高凝胶球的传质性能,进而提高凝胶球对氨氮的处理效果,添加人造沸石能提高凝胶球的抗拉强度,添加SiO2能提高凝胶球的密度,添加粉末活性炭能提高凝胶球的压缩强度。     

基于GM（1,1）模型的秦皇岛市大气污染物SO2预测

根据2004—2009年大气中SO2污染物的监测数据,通过灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了未来6年秦皇岛市大气中SO2的变化趋势。结果显示,灰色系统GM(1,1)模型合理,精度较高,相对误差为-1.875%～1.228%,与环保部门公布的数据吻合程度较好。     

Estimating monthly total nitrogen concentration in streams by using artificial neural network

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a flexible and popular tool for predicting the non-linear behavior in the environmental system. Here, the feed-forward ANN model was used to investigate the relationship among the land use, fertilizer, and hydrometerological conditions in 59 river basins over Japan and then applied to estimate the monthly river total nitrogen concentration (TNC). It was shown by the sensitivity analysis, that precipitation, temperature, river discharge, forest area and urban area have high relationships with TNC. The ANN structure having eight inputs and one hidden layer with seven nodes gives the best estimate of TNC. The 1:1 scatter plots of predicted versus measured TNC were closely aligned and provided coefficients of errors of 0.98 and 0.93 for ANNs calibration and validation, respectively. From the results obtained, the ANN model gave satisfactory predictions of stream TNC and appears to be a useful tool for prediction of TNC in Japanese streams. It indicates that the ANN model was able to provide accurate estimates of nitrogen concentration in streams. Its application to such environmental data will encourage further studies on prediction of stream TNC in ungauged rivers and provide a useful tool for water resource and environment managers to obtain a quick preliminary assessment of TNC variations.     

洱海湖滨区鱼塘污染状况调查研究

洱海湖滨区有鱼塘１４９．２５公顷，其有机物含量及换水量均与鱼产量成正比，每年向洱海排换水６７１．６万米＾３，输出Ｎ、Ｐ和ＣＰＤ分别为３３．２Ｔ、３．８３Ｔ、和４２０．４Ｔ。目前鱼塘正由混养型向精养型过渡，污染负荷亦将随之升级，必须及早研究，及早治理。     

憎水性污染物在表面活性剂溶液中的增溶动力学

为了解表面活性剂溶液对憎水性污染物增溶过程的影响因素,研究六氯乙烷在Ｔｗｅｅｎ２０溶液中的增溶动力学过程,建立了六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中增溶的传质模型．模型表明当六氯乙烷总表面积固定时,其溶解速率同六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度和表观传质系数呈正相关．发现六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观传质系数和纯水中的相比降低了,但由于表面活性剂对六氯乙烷的增溶作用导致其溶解速率总体上是提高的     

浅析城市垃圾综合处理与再利用

综述了城市垃圾处理的现状及特点，分析了城市垃圾综合处理与再利用的优点、可行性，指出城市垃圾综合利用是加深垃圾再利用的关键，对如何促进城市垃圾综合处理与利用提出了建议。     

无机离子SO42-对小麦幼苗积累稀土的影响

采用ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ 程序计算出在无机离子SO₄^2-存在下,轻（Ｌａ）、中（Ｇｄ）、重（Ｙ）３ 种稀土元素在溶液中的形态分布．研究了在水培条件下ＳＯSO₄^2-对３种稀土元素在小麦幼苗根、茎和叶部的积累规律．热力学实验表明,小麦幼苗在加SO₄^2-的稀土元素溶液中培养３０ｄ 后,小麦根部对Ｌａ、Ｇｄ 的积累受抑制,而对Ｙ的积累却明显提高;加入SO₄^2-后茎叶部对Ｌａ、Ｙ积累值改变不明显,但对Ｇｄ的积累有所增加．生长动态实验表明,在SO₄^2-存在下,小麦幼苗根部对稀土的积累随时间增加而增加,其积累值符合线性递增函数方程,相关系数ｒ＞ ０．９４;而茎叶部最初积累能力较强,SO₄^2-的加入对小麦植株动态吸收稀土规律无明显影响．     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地震活动特征分析

分析了鄂尔多斯块体周缘的地震活动特征,结果表明块体的东缘、南缘、西缘均发生过8级强震或多次7级以上地震,而北缘历史上仅发生过1次7级地震,可见块体周缘的强震活动水平存在显著差异,中强地震活动的时间、空间差异也较为显著,1929年以前,块体北缘没有中强地震记录,而块体东缘、南缘、西缘却是中强地震的丛集区域,1929年以后,块体周缘的地震活动格局发生了显著变化。2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震后,多种迹象表明,鄂尔多斯块体北缘特别是西北缘的地震危险趋势将进一步加剧。b值空间扫描结果显示该区域也是低b值高应力积累区域,鄂尔多斯块体北缘的历史中强地震均发生在这些高应力积累的区域。在关注鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的同时,也应特别关注超长平静区内蒙古临河至晋冀蒙交界地区发生强震的可能性。