暴雨内涝对城市社区居民出行影响的初步分析——以上海市普陀区金沙居委地区为例

开展城市社区暴雨内涝模拟,初步分析受影响的居民数量.以上海市普陀区金沙居委地区为案例,利用上海市暴雨经验公式计算重现期为50年、100年、500年三种不同情景下的1h降水量,以修正的SCS模型计算径流量.结合上海市排水管网系统的运行状况和实测的研究区相对高程,模拟9种不同情景下暴雨积水的淹没深度,分析不同情景下受影响的房屋分布和对居民出行的影响.随着暴雨强度的增强,排水管网系统功能的失效,积水区域由研究区中部不断扩大.在重现期为500年的情景下,在排水系统完全失效的情况下,最大淹没深度可达0.405 m,道路积水影响出行的人数达到5 970人,占研究区总人口数的87％,已经严重影响到当地居民的日常生活和出行.     

垃圾填埋场PBFC防渗浆材吸附性能试验研究∗

以水泥-膨润土为主要材料,以粉煤灰替代部分水泥,辅以碳酸钠,聚乙烯醇(PVA)等外掺剂制备一种低渗透性,对垃圾渗滤液具有较好吸附阻滞效果的防渗浆材(即PBFC防渗浆材)。通过该浆材的吸附阻滞试验及SEM微观分析探讨了其吸附阻滞作用机理。SEM图显示,掺入PVA可使水泥水化反应更充分,从而提高浆材吸附性能。PBFC防渗浆材的PVA掺量为1.5 g/L时,其渗透系数最低可达到0.7×10-8cm/s。通过PBFC防渗浆材吸附阻滞作用的有效发挥,垃圾场渗滤液中部分有害成分的浓度达到了《城市生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的要求,且PVA掺量为1.5 g/L时,渗滤液有害成分的浓度值降到最低,这与PVA对防渗浆材渗透系数的影响是一致的。PBFC防渗浆材对铅、汞等重金属离子的吸附阻滞率接近100%,满足生活垃圾填埋场的使用要求。     

四川省泥石流预报的区域临界雨量指标研究

本文在讨论四川泥石流分区的基础上,论述了区域泥石流临界雨量指标的确定方法及应用问题。并制定了四川泥石流预报的区域临界日雨量和临界小时雨强指标。     

水生态系中有机磷农药生物净化机理的研究

本报告研究了利用氧化塘处理废水中对硫磷农药的生物净化机理。分离出Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01、CTP-02两个菌株,对对硫磷和对硝基酚具有很高的降解能力,其降解速度分别为11.0g/l/day和6.0g/I/day。观察了对硫磷及分解产物对栅藻光合作用的影响和模拟藻菌系统中对硝基酚的降解。研究了Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01的对硫磷的酶解,对硫磷水解酶降解对硫磷的最高速度可达1×10~4n mol/mg prot./min.Cu离子对酶有明显的激活作用。Pseudomonas sp.CTP-02在降解对硝基酚时首先发生硝基脱落,然后进一步被降解。     

TiO2/Ag modified penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate and its adsorption performance for azo dye removal

A modified hydrophilic penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate (Bi₅O₇NO₃) surface was synthesized via a precipitation method using TiO₂ and Ag as modified agents. The synthesized product was characterized by different analytical techniques. The removal efficiency was evaluated using mono-and di-sulphonated azo dyes as model pollutants. Different kinetic, isotherm and diffusion models were chosen to describe the adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed no noticeable differences in the chemical states of modified adsorbent when compared to pure Bi₅O₇NO₃;however, the presence of hydrophilic centres such as TiO₂ and Ag developed positively charged surface groups and improved its adsorption performance to a wide range of azo dyes. Dyes removal was found to be a function of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature. The reduction of Langmuir 1,2-mixed order kinetics to the second or first-order kinetics could be successfully used to describe the adsorption of dyes onto the modified adsorbent. Mass transfer can be described by intra-particle diffusion at a certain stage, but it was not the rate limiting step that controlled the adsorption process. Homogenous behavior of adsorbent surface can be explored by applying Langmuir isotherm to fit the adsorption data.     

大气污染控制有效性的评估模型及应用

基于小波分析理论及BP神经网络,建立了大气污染控制有效性的评估模型.利用该模型解析天津市污染源排放及气象因素对大气污染物环境浓度的影响.结果表明,SO2浓度波动主要由污染源的季节变化引起,与天气过程有关的短期波动也不容忽视;而PM10浓度波动主要由污染源排放及气象条件的短期变化引起.2002~2003年的气象条件总体上不利于大气扩散,使SO2日均浓度长期分量增加约为3μg/m3;而2004年的气象条件有利于大气扩散,使SO2日均浓度长期分量减小约为5μg/m3.PM10日均浓度长期分量也有类似的规律,2002~2003年的不利气象条件使PM10日均浓度长期分量增高更显著,约为10μg/m3.     

Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer

Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO₂ profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO₂ decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO₂ in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO₂ were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO₂ were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO₂ in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO₂ concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO₂ concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO₂ in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO₂ concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO₂ pollution.     

疏勒河流域天然水质研究及水环境保护

疏勒河流域河水的化学组成虽不尽相同,但大部分河段阴离子中以HCO3-占优势,阳离子中以Ca2+为主。以每升水中的毫克浓度为单位,阴离子HCO3->Cl->SO42-,阳离子Ca2+>Mg2+>Na++K+;只有党河下游段敦煌所采水样则是HCO3->Cl->SO42-,Ca2+>Na++K+>Mg2+。按照水文地质学的常用方法,根据每升水中主要阴、阳离子的浓度,将河水分为3种类型押重碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类和氯化物类熏但大部分河段属重碳酸盐类。根据取样测试,河水的总矿化度值256.12～413.74mg/l,河水总硬度变化在3.37～7.16me/l之间,其总碱度值2.62～4.25me/l。文章还对疏勒河流域河水中微量元素的含量进行了分析、研究,对水质状况进行了评价并提出了水环境保护的意见和措施。     

华北地区土壤中硫的赋存特征

主要讨论了华北地区土壤中硫的分布及赋存特征，结果表明华北地区不同省市土壤中硫的含量有差异；土壤中硫的含量与土壤类型及土母质等有一定关系，土壤中不同形态硫的含量结果表明，尽管该地区土壤中总硫在大部分土壤中含量较高，但植物有效硫的含量相对较低，土壤中的硫主要是以难溶无机硫和有机硫形式存在。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.