Projecting the environmental profile of Singapore's landfill activities: Comparisons of present and future scenarios based on LCA

This article aims to generate the environmental profile of Singapore's Semakau landfill by comparing three different operational options associated with the life cycle stages of landfilling activities, against a 'business as usual' scenario. Before life cycle assessment or LCA is used to quantify the potential impacts from landfilling activities, an attempt to incorporate localized and empirical information into the amounts of ash and MSW sent to the landfill was made. A linear regression representation of the relationship between the mass of waste disposed and the mass of incineration ash generated was modeled from waste statistics between years 2004 and 2009. Next, the mass of individual MSW components was projected from 2010 to 2030. The LCA results highlighted that in a 'business as usual' scenario the normalized total impacts of global warming, acidification and human toxicity increased by about 2% annually from 2011 to 2030. By replacing the 8000-tonne barge with a 10000-tonne coastal bulk carrier or freighter (in scenario 2) a grand total reduction of 48% of both global warming potential and acidification can be realized by year 2030. Scenario 3 explored the importance of having a Waste Water Treatment Plant in place to reduce human toxicity levels - however, the overall long-term benefits were not as significant as scenario 2. It is shown in scenario 4 that the option of increased recycling championed over all other three scenarios in the long run, resulting in a total 58% reduction in year 2030 for the total normalized results. A separate comparison of scenarios 1-4 is also carried out for energy utilization and land use in terms of volume of waste occupied. Along with the predicted reductions in environmental burdens, an additional bonus is found in the expanded lifespan of Semakau landfill from year 2032 (base case) to year 2039. Model limitations and suggestions for improvements were also discussed.     

大气颗粒物源解析受体模型优化技术研究

针对大气颗粒物来源解析技术存在的2大问题:二次有机碳(SOC)对CMB模型的影响及源与受体不匹配程度对源成分谱共线性的影响,给出了解决方案.对于SOC影响的问题,提出从受体的角度扣除SOC,对CMB模型进行修正,降低SOC的影响;对于共线性问题,提出了PCA/MLR-CMB复合模型,复合模型首先进行PCA/MLR的解析,降低受体中未知源的影响,使得纳入CMB模型中的源和受体匹配程度大大提高,从而使得共线性源类能够得到理想的结果.     

Ultrastructure of pedal muscle as a function of temperature in nacellid limpets

Temperature and mitochondrial plasticity are well studied in fishes, but little is known about this relationship in invertebrates. The effects of habitat temperature on mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined in three con-familial limpets from the Antarctic (Nacella concinna), New Zealand (Cellana ornata), and Singapore (Cellana radiata). The effects of seasonal changes in temperature were also examined in winter and summer C. ornata. Stereological methods showed that limpet pedal myocytes were 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller in diameter (≈3.5 μm) than in vertebrates, and that the diameter did not vary as a function of temperature. Mitochondrial volume density (Vv_(mt,f)) was approximately 2–4 times higher in N. concinna (0.024) than in the other species (0.01 and 0.006), which were not significantly different from each other. Mitochondrial cristae surface density (Sv_(im,mt)) was significantly lower in summer C. ornata (24.1 ± 0.50 μm² μm⁻³) than both winter C. ornata (32.3 ± 0.95 μm² μm⁻³) and N. concinna (34.3 ± 4.43 μm² μm⁻³). The surface area of mitochondrial cristae per unit fibre volume was significantly higher in N. concinna, due largely to the greater mitochondrial volume density. These results and previous studies indicate that mitochondrial proliferation in the cold is a common, but not universal response by different species from different thermal habitats. Seasonal temperature decreases on the other hand, leading preferentially to an increase in cristae surface density. Stereological measures also showed that energetic reserves, i.e. lipid droplets and glycogen in the pedal muscle changed greatly with season and species. This was most likely related to gametogenesis and spawning.     

膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的传质模型

通过测量中空纤维膜器管程和壳程RTD曲线,发现对于中低装填密度的膜器,管程的实际流动与理想层流有较大差异,而壳程的流动与理想层流符合较好,膜器管程和壳程流动RTD曲线的平均停留时间的实验值与理论值相差很小,停留时间相对偏差小于±5%.通过计算,得出与实际RTD曲线符合较好的速度分布公式,依据镉离子传质数据,提出了较为准确的低流速下的传质系数预测关联式,并用此关联式预测锌离子的出口浓度,预测值与实验值符合较好,相对偏差在±25% 以内.     

西安市燃煤中铅的排放量及其环境效应

为了研究燃煤过程中铅的排放量及其环境效应,对西安市燃煤电厂的原煤、底灰、飞灰的含铅量,采暖期燃煤锅炉的原煤和炉渣的含铅量,采暖期和非采暖期降尘的含铅量等进行了分析和测算.结果表明: 燃烧1 t含铅量为30 g左右的煤,排放到大气中的铅为20 g左右.燃煤中铅的排放率为66%左右.西安市及邻区每年工农业和民用燃煤1000万t左右,主要为渭北石炭-二叠系煤,含铅量为30 g/t左右,其每年排放到大气中的铅为200t左右.     

利用TM图像逐级分类提取非点源信息

探讨了运用逐级分类从TM图像中提取与非点源污染有关的土地利用信息的方法.研究表明,逐级分类与一般的最大似然度分类相比效果更佳,具有简化复杂问题、突出研究重点和方法灵活等优点,能够快速有效地提取所需要的信息.     

天津市PM10中元素的浓度特征和富集特征研究

为了解天津市大气PM10中元素的浓度水平和污染元素的来源,在天津市布置了7个采样点,获得了风沙季、非采暖季和采暖季19个元素的监测数据。结果表明:Ni、Pb、Cu、Cr是PM10中的主要超标污染元素;K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Ti等8种元素是PM10浓度的主要贡献率元素(92%);19个元素的富集系数风沙季明显低于非采暖季;Co、Cu、Zn、Br、Pb五个元素各季和各站的富集系数均大于10,人为源贡献大于自然源,是环境治理的重点元素。     

超声波技术降解水中氯代有机物的研究进展

介绍了超声波技术的基本原理,概述了超声波和各种超声联用（超声波与紫外光、过氧化氢、臭氧、Fenton试剂等联用）技术降解氯代有机物的效果和影响因素,总结了氯代有机物降解机理与动力学的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了今后超声波及其联用技术降解水中氯代有机物的研究方向。     

生命周期评价在过程工业用水网络设计中的应用

介绍了考虑环境因素的过程工业用水网络设计研究进展,分析了典型的过程工业水系统的特点,肯定了在整个水系统生命周期内考察用水网络设计方案环境效益的重要性,给出了生命周期评价方法在用水网络设计中应用的技术框架。     

井下巷道-矿车系统风流扰动特征规律实验研究

针对井下巷道-矿车系统易造成巷道风流紊乱、影响矿井通风系统安全稳定性的问题,建立巷道-矿车系统风流扰动模式及影响因素体系,提出表征巷道-矿车系统的风流扰动特征的关键参数,包括巷道扰动风阻、阻塞比、矿车位置,推导矿车运行至巷道不同位置时巷道-矿车系统扰动风阻计算公式,研究巷道风速、阻塞比与巷道风阻的关系。研究结果表明：矿车在巷道中顺风行驶的速度大于风速时,巷道-矿车系统对通风系统进行增压调节;当矿车逆风行驶时,巷道-矿车系统的风阻随着矿井通风系统供风量的增大而减小,最大扰动为矿车驶出巷道时刻,阻塞比与巷道风阻呈现线性递增关系;此外,小风速、小断面巷道运行的矿车对巷道-矿车系统的风阻影响较大,模型求解结果与实测数据的最大误差为6.84%。研究结果可为矿井通风系统的智能化调控提供理论依据。