吸收液对中空纤维膜接触器回收尿液中氨氮的影响

采用中空纤维膜接触器(Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor,HFMC)回收尿液中的氨氮,系统研究了吸收液类型(H3PO4、H2SO4和HNO3)对氨回收效能、水蒸气的跨膜通量和所获液体肥料的影响.结果 表明,使用H2SO4作为吸收液时氨氮回收效能最优,其次是H3PO4和HNO3.当采用H2SO...     

紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

基于自然资源本底的国土空间规划现状一张图构建及应用——以青岛市为例

国土空间规划体系构建工作已经全面展开,清晰详实的现状图和数据是摸清自然资源家底的重要基础,也是编制国土空间规划的重要支撑。而当前国土空间现状数据的用地分类标准、数据精度和应用目标等尚不统一。基于遥感影像、地理国情和互联网POI等多源数据进行国土空间现状一张图研究,综合现有用地分类标准和数据精度,构建青岛市国土空间规划现状一张图。在此基础上,探讨国土空间规划一张图应用方向,包括青岛市“三生空间”和资源环境研判分析,以及城镇建设适宜性、生态服务功能重要性和农业生产适宜性分析等内容。国土空间规划现状一张图的构建,对于明确资源利用上限与环境质量底线,规范国土空间规划数据,以及支撑国土空间规划编制和管理具有重要作用。     

色谱质谱联用技术在一起农药污染事故应急监测中的应用

在一起污染源应急事故中,色谱质谱联用技术在确定污染源类型,并快速做出准确定性定量分析中发挥了重要作用。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术,首先确定可能污染物类型为三嗪类化合物;之后,通过液相色谱-串连质谱全扫描,推断可能为三嗪类除草剂——甲磺隆。正、负ESI子离子全扫描后图谱与甲磺隆标准物质图谱相对照,完全吻合。最后,通过SRM模式下对380.0→139.0的母、子离子选择反应监测,测定了农田灌溉水源和土壤中甲磺隆的含量。     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。选用HLB柱为固相萃取柱,选用环己烷∶丙酮(3∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂作洗脱剂,得到方法检出限为0.011～0.040μg/L。空白水样加标回收率为73.6%～119%,相对标准偏差为6.1%～13.9%,精密度和准确度良好。对成分不复杂的实际水样进行测定,加标回收率为64.1%～118%,相对标准偏差为5.8%～15.6%,该方法能够基本满足成分不复杂的环境水体中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的测定。     

Characteristics and management of domestic waste in a rural area of the Tibetan Plateau

In the rural area of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP), the characteristics of domestic waste, people’s environmental awareness, people’s willingness to pay and their influence factors were firstly studied by questionnaires, field samplings and laboratory tests. The results showed that, in the RATP, the generation of domestic waste was 85 g?d-1 per capita and it was mainly composed of plastics, inert waste, kitchen waste, glass and paper. The waste bulk density, moisture content, ash, combustible and low calorific value were 65 kg?m-3, 19.25%, 44.90%, 35.85% and 10,520 kJ?kg-1 respectively. These characteristics are influenced by income sources and geographical position to some extent. Classified collection should be promoted widely on the household and the village basis. Compost, fermentation, landfill, bioreactor landfill and semi-aerobic landfill have been approved as effective techniques to treat domestic waste, except incineration. The distance of 50–800 m between each collection facility and the disposal fee of around $0.8 per month per household are suggested. For suburbs or large population villages, it’s better to treat domestic waste by the centralized way. But for the remote rural areas, a decentralized way is proposed. Significantly, the educational and economic influence should be considered into an effective domestic waste management program.

Implications:?The current situatio n of the environment in the rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP) was surveyed. There, the generation of organics and moisture of domestic waste were low but ash, recyclables, and combustibles were high. People’s knowledge of domestic waste was absent but their participation in management was strong. Based on the current situation, compost, fermentation, and landfill were effective but incineration was inappropriate. Also, a localized mini landfill for a cluster of villages and or settlements was the best method there.     

漆酶对活性黑KN-B和直接大红染料的脱色性能

利用白腐真菌漆酶对活性黑KN-B和直接大红2种偶氮染料进行脱色实验。考察反应时间、加酶量、pH值、染料浓度、温度对脱色率的影响,研究了ABTS介体以及金属离子存在下的脱色效果,并分析了漆酶脱色的动力学性能以及其对偶氮染料的降解规律。结果表明,活性黑KN-B和直接大红脱色适宜条件为：反应时间为30 min,加酶量8 U/mL,pH=7,染料浓度分别为50 mg/L和80 mg/L,温度40~45℃。ABTS介体对酶促偶氮染料脱色没有明显促进作用。Fe²⁺对漆酶脱色有较强的抑制作用;Cu²⁺对漆酶催化活性黑KN-B促进作用较大,对直接大红影响较小。漆酶对2种染料的脱色反应符合米氏方程,其催化活性黑KN-B和直接大红染料的K_m值分别为114.81 mg/L,317.5 mg/L,v_max值分别为6.57 mg/（L·min）和26.0 mg/（L·min）。