Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

矿井风速故障源诊断及角联结构传感器布设

煤矿井下监控系统测量的风速数据并不能用来判断故障源位置,只能反映风速传感器所在巷道的风量变化情况。引起井下风速变化的原因很多,如巷道冒落、巷道堵塞、巷道变形等,从整个通风网络角度考虑,都可以归结为分支的风阻发生变化。由于井下通风网络中任一分支风阻的变化都可能引起自身及其他相关分支风量变化。提出用逐步线性回归分析法,确定引起通风系统风速传感器报警的分支集合。建立了逐步线性回归分析的通风系统故障源诊断数学模型。通过具体实例给出了风速传感器安设在不同位置下,可能引起此分支风速超限的故障巷道集合的结果。分析了关联分支的风阻变化对角联分支的影响,从而确定选择那些对角联分支影响大且自身风量容易发生变化的巷道安设风速传感器。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi: distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g^?1, 426.98 and 381.20 ng L^?1, respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLR_{coal/coal-gangue} and mean ICLR_soil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10^?4), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.     

不同放牧强度对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的早期影响

放牧是高寒草甸一种重要的利用方式,对土壤理化性质和植被会产生重要影响,研究放牧对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响对估算碳交换和制定合理放牧政策具有重要意义.利用静态箱-气象色谱法,于2012年8月到2013年7月在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸对轻度、中度和重度3种放牧强度下的生态系统呼吸进行每月至少一次的连续观测,以估算高寒草甸生态系统呼吸,并探讨放牧强度对生态系统呼吸的作用.结果显示:轻度、中度和重度放牧条件下,年均生态系统呼吸(以C计)分别为226.33±62.30、213.63±53.22和215.15±53.19 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),三者之间无显著差异(P0.05);在生长季生态系统呼吸分别为367.97±47.86、324.62±44.95和348.37±43.10 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在非生长季生态系统呼吸分别为105.81±22.13、96.55±14.69和110.61±16.89 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在不同放牧强度下生态系统呼吸均表现出明显的季节特征,但在相同季节不同放牧强度间生态系统呼吸差异不显著;月累积降水量与生态系统呼吸呈显著正相关关系;该区域放牧地生态系统平均年累积呼吸为472.63 g m~(-2) h~(-1).本研究表明,在试验初期不同放牧强度对生态系统呼吸无显著作用.     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethylene using bentonite-supported nanoscale Fe/Ni and humic acids

Nanoscale zero-valent iron, named nano-Fe⁰, is a reagent used to degrade trichloroethylene in groundwater. However, the efficiency of nano-Fe⁰ is moderate due to issues of dispersion and reactivity. As an alternative we synthesized bentonite-supported nanoscale Fe/Ni bimetals, named bentonite-Fe/Ni, to test the degradation of trichloroethylene in the presence of Suwannee River humic acids, as a representative of natural organic matter. 0.1 mmol/L trichloroethylene was reacted with 0.5 g/L of nano-Fe⁰, bentonite-Fe, Fe/Ni, and bentonite-Fe/Ni nanoparticles. Results show first that without humic acids the reaction rate constants k _obs were 0.0036/h for nano-Fe⁰, 0.0101/h for bentonite-Fe, 0.0984/h for Fe/Ni, and 0.181/h for bentonite-Fe/Ni. These findings show that bentonite-Fe/Ni is the most efficient reagent. Second, the addition of humic acids increased the rate constant from 0.178/h for 10 mg/L humic acids to 0.652/h for 40 mg/L humic acids, using the bentonite-Fe/Ni catalyst. This finding is explained by accelerated dechlorination by faster electron transfer induced by humic quinone moieties. Indeed, the use of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate as a humic analogue gave similar results.     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱

建立了蜂蜜中5种吡咯里西啶类生物碱的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法.蜂蜜样品用50%甲醇超声提取,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化富集,超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱MRM模式检测,外标法定量.以Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以含0.1%甲酸的乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱.倒千里光碱、千里光宁、千里光菲啉和野百合碱在0.2—100.0μg·kg-1,克氏千里光宁在1.0—200.0μg·kg-1的浓度范围内各化合物线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999,定量限在0.2—0.8μg·kg-1之间.在3个加标水平下,空白基质蜂蜜中的5种生物碱的平均回收率为82.0%—110.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于12.5%.方法准确可靠,适合于蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱的测定.     

有机磷酸酯对青海弧菌Q67毒性的构效关系

以淡水发光菌Q67为受试生物,结合微孔板高通量检测技术,测定了15种常见有机磷酸酯的毒性,同时选用极化率(P)、分子表面积(TSA)、正辛醇/水分配系数(logD)和芳香环个数(N Ar)等有机磷酸酯的7种分子结构描述符,采用偏最小二乘回归分析方法建立了15种有机磷酸酯对Q67发光菌毒性的定量结构活性相关(quantitative structure-activity relationships,QSAR)模型。结果表明,15种有机磷酸酯的EC50在1.13×10-5~3.27×10-3mol·L-1之间。在7个结构变量中,4个变量发挥主要作用。其中分子极化率(P)在有机磷酸酯类污染物对发光菌的急性毒性中发挥重要作用,推断发光菌中的荧光素酶及其辅酶是其主要作用位点;脂溶性(logD)越大的化合物越较易穿过细胞膜,进而使Q67发光菌的毒性效应增大;芳香环数(N Ar)越多,有机磷酸酯对发光菌的急性毒性越大;对分子结构类似的有机磷酸酯,其Q67发光菌的毒性效应随TSA值的增大而增强。利用所构建的构效关系模型,其稳定性(Q2CUM=0.544)和预测能力(Q2EXT=0.808,RMSE=0.195)较好,可用来预测有机磷酸酯对Q67发光菌的急性效应。     

MBR系统CANON工艺的快速启动及微生物种群特征

为了考察CANON工艺的快速启动策略及功能微生物的种群特征,在常温MBR反应器内接种普通活性污泥后间歇运行.启动策略为以调控曝气时间和曝气量作为主要方法,首先在限氧条件下启动亚硝化,之后进一步降低DO启动CANON工艺.在CANON工艺启动成功后,通过调整曝气时间和无机碳源浓度提高了总氮去除负荷,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了稳定运行的CANON工艺内功能微生物的种群特征.结果表明,CANON工艺经36d成功启动,NH4+-N去除率和总氮去除率最终稳定在99%和84%左右,氮去除负荷达到0.41kg/(m3·d).DGGE测序结果表明,Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis是反应器内的优势菌种,两种微生物协同作用,共同在MBR内完成了高效的自养脱氮.     

可散式弹链拉断力变化规律研究

目的 确保弹箱内的弹链(抱弹状态)在库房存放一段时间后依然稳定供弹,描述可散式弹链拉断力在不同温度环境下的变化规律.方法 应用环境作用动力学理论,建立可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,求解可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,得到可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分方程通解,再通过高温加速试验数据,求得可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分...     

污染场地土壤中Cd人体可给性影响因素及对筛选值的影响

采用Unified bioaccessibility model (UBM) 模拟胃肠消化的方法测试了来自湖南、广西和大连12个污染土壤样品中Cd的人体可给性.结果显示,Cd在胃提取阶段的可给性为12.24%~81.10%,平均值为53.60%,肠提取阶段的可给性为2.01%~43.30%,平均值为19.74%.胃提取阶段的可给性浓度仅与总镉(TCd) (P<0.000, n=12)和总锰(TMn) (P=0.04, n=12)显著正相关,肠提取阶段的可给性浓度与TCd (P<0.001, n=12)、胃阶段Cd的可给性浓度(P<0.001, n=12)以及TMn(P=0.05, n=12)均显著正相关.胃阶段基于土壤中TCd和TP含量能较好的预测Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度,模型决定系数(R2)达到0.992,肠阶段基于Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度及土壤pH值能较好的预测其在肠阶段的可给性浓度,R2达到0.999.考虑土壤中Cd在胃中的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的1.8倍(以可给性平均值计算)和1.2倍(以可给性最大值计算).考虑土壤中Cd在肠阶段的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的5.0倍(以可给性平均值计算)和2.3倍(以可给性最大值计算).