碎石土边坡破坏机理的敏感性分析

在碎石土类边坡中常常发育稳定的地下水管网排泄系统,它们对控制地下水水位上升,保持边坡稳定十分重要。以官家滑坡为例,通过对滑坡稳定性系数有关的各因素敏感性分析,发现地下水是影响边坡变形破坏以及复发破坏的最主要因素。当坡脚开挖或坡体堆载时,会破坏管道状地下水排泄系统,降雨入渗导致地下水水位升高,从而引起坡体内孔隙压力比、水头高度和水力坡度增大,使潜在滑面上的孔隙水压升高,影响碎石土边坡的稳定性;同时,地下水位的升高降低了土体的内摩擦角,而因素敏感性分析发现,内摩擦角对边坡失稳具有极其重要的影响。在官家滑坡的后期治理中,治水作为主要工程措施的理念已经得到很好的贯彻,效果十分明显。     

基于RNA干扰的家蝇几丁质酶2的幼虫转录组测序

几丁质酶是昆虫几丁质降解过程中的重要酶类,在昆虫整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用.为筛选及挖掘与防治有害医学昆虫相关的分子靶标,根据家蝇几丁质酶2(Musca domestica chitinase 2,MdCht2)基因序列设计并合成双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA),采用微量注射法向家...     

兰州市不同径粒大气颗粒物污染特征及气象因子的影响分析

空气污染程度与就诊率、呼吸道发病率及死亡率等有着密切的联系。兰州市在上世纪末曾被喻为卫星上看不到的城市,它的大气污染程度一直以来为人们所关注。利用2013年国家环保部公布的兰州市5个监测点（涵盖了4区1县）大气细粒子PM10及PM2.5的监测数据,针对全年的日均PM2.5与PM10质量浓度并结合了同期的气象因子进行分析研究,结果表明：春冬季为兰州大气中两种颗粒物的污染的高峰期（春季峰值为3月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为309和103μg· m-3,超标倍数为1.062与0.436;冬季峰值为11月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为203和85μg· m-3,超标倍数为0.353与0.7）,夏秋季为低谷（波谷为9月份,PM10及PM2.5的月均值为96和39μg· m-3,均低于国家标准）。PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比值均在0.4与0.5之间,呈一定的线性关系,大气污染较轻。当温度在-3~0℃之间时,大气中PM2.5与PM10质量浓度变化较剧烈。露点温度高于-3.15时,使得PM10的质量浓度下降明显;当日均露点温度高于1.85时,PM2.5的质量浓度随着露点温度的增大而降低,说明湿沉降对着两种粒子的清除作用明显。降水对大气中的两种颗粒物均呈现清除作用,但是在降水后PM10质量浓度迅速回升,但PM2.5质量浓度却变化不大。风向偏西时,大气中细颗粒污染物浓度增加。风速的增加对PM2.5有一定的清除作用,但由于兰州市的地貌特征,使得大气中PM10的质量浓度增加。上述结果为兰州市大气污染的监测与治理及大气污染预报提供了重要的依据。     

青海湖樊氏盐单胞菌QHL5四氢嘧啶合成影响因素分析

以青海湖野生菌株Halomonas ventosae QHL5为材料,初步探讨了多种因素对胞内相容溶质四氢嘧啶(Ectoine)合成的影响.通过设置OSM培养基(Oesterhelt-Stoeckenius medium)的不同单因素诱导条件(Na+、K+、Mg2+、p H和温度等),培养QHL5菌株,并采用80%乙醇抽提QHL5胞内四氢嘧啶,进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)定量检测.结果表明,QHL5胞内四氢嘧啶积聚的最佳单因素培养条件为Na+浓度为1.5 mol·L-1,K+浓度为0.75 mol·L-1,Mg2+浓度为0.2 mol·L-1,p H 8.0和35℃.在优化条件下,QHL5积聚的四氢嘧啶最大浓度为379.6±8.26 mg·L-1,达到167.1±3.64 mg·g-1细胞干重.QHL5胞内的四氢嘧啶合成受到Na+的渗透刺激作用,生物量却受到高浓度Na+的抑制,低浓度Mg2+(0.1—0.6 mol·L-1)和中浓度的K+(0.5—1.2 mol·L-1)对四氢嘧啶的生物合成具有重要的渗透刺激作用.与已报道的四氢嘧啶合成菌株相比,QHL5能合成单一的、高浓度的四氢嘧啶,具备潜在的商业制备和应用开发价值.     

春季黄渤海溶解有机碳的平面分布特征

依据2010年4～5月对黄渤海调查所得的数据,分析了黄渤海溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)的含量及其平面分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2010年春季黄渤海DOC的浓度范围为0.96～4.71 mg.L-1,平均浓度为2.27 mg.L-1.平面分布上,DOC整体呈现南北近岸浓度高、中部外海浓度低的特点.在渤海西部近岸、山东半岛东部及长江口东北部均存在高值,尤其是渤海西部近岸,DOC浓度最高达到4.71 mg.L-1,这主要是受河流输入和沿岸流的影响;低值区则主要集中在南黄海中部外海,DOC浓度普遍低于1.50 mg.L-1.     

Different effects of foliar application of silica sol on arsenic translocation in rice under low and high arsenite stress

Foliar application of Si can generally reduce As translocation from roots to shoots in rice; however, it does not always work, particularly under high As stress. Here, the effects of foliar application of nanoscale silica sol on As accumulation in rice were investigated under low (2 μmol/L) and high (8 μmol/L) arsenite stress. The results revealed that foliar Si application significantly decreased the As concentration in shoots under low arsenite stress, but showed different effects under high arsenite stress after 7 days of incubation. The reduction in root-to-shoot As translocation under the 2As+Si treatment was related to the down-regulation of OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 expression and up-regulation of OsABCC1 expression in roots. In the 8As+Si treatment, the expressions of OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsABCC1 were significantly promoted, which resulted in substantially higher As accumulation in both the roots and shoots. In the roots, As predominantly accumulated in the symplasts (90.6%–98.3%), in which the majority of As was sequestered in vacuoles (79.0%–94.0%) under both levels of arsenite stress. Compared with that of the 8As treatment, the 8As+Si treatment significantly increased the As concentration in cell walls, but showed no difference in the vacuolar As concentration, which remained constant at approximately 69.1–71.7 mg/kg during days 4–7. It appeared that the capacity of root cells to sequester As in the vacuoles had a threshold, and the excess As tended to accumulate in the cell walls and transfer to the shoots via apoplasts under high arsenite stress. This study provides a better understanding of the different effects of foliar Si application on As accumulation in rice from the view of arsenite-related gene expression and As subcellular distribution in roots.     

1999年与2014年贡嘎山峨眉冷杉枝和叶中常见重金属的生物富集特征对比

经济的快速发展使得生态环境的承载力日益接近上限,而关于偏远地区森林系统的重金属污染的时间变化趋势却鲜有报道.本文测定了贡嘎山1999年与2014年采集的峨嵋冷杉枝、叶中的Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn与Ba.结果表明：11999年枝、叶样品中Pb、Hg、As、Cd、Mn与Cu显著高于2014年的量,而2014年枝、叶样品中Cr、Zn和Ba高于1999年的量;2枝中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn和Ba与生长龄无统一的变化趋势,而在叶中的含量随着生长龄的增加有增加的趋势;3Hg易在叶中富集,而其它元素更易在枝中富集;通过在主成分分析的基础上进行多元线性回归判断常见重金属元素的来源,枝、叶中的Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ba有42.3%~92.2%的含量来自于土壤,而枝、叶中的Hg有70.6%的含量来自于大气.这说明Hg存在与其他重金属在森林系统不同的累积机制.     

环境绩效评估中多种赋权方法的对比分析

文章以成都市2011～2016年统计数据为基础,构建成都市环境绩效评估指标体系,采用4种客观赋权法(均权法、熵值法、标准离差法和CRITIC法)和一种主观赋权法(专家评分法)进行权重分配实验,得到了不同方法下指标体系的权重分配结果、环境绩效指数(EPI)和排名结果。结果表明,4种客观赋权方法在权重分配结果和EPI指数方面与专家评分法具有较大差异。但不同方法间的排名差异则较小;对排名结果进行进一步分级评价后,一致性随着差异减小而提高。笔者认为,客观赋权法不适合单独使用,其结果也不适合以绝对值的形式出现;以排名等较宏观的形式来应用客观赋权法的成果可以有效提高结果的可用性并减小争议。多种赋权法相结合方式是未来环境绩效评估工作中权重分配工作更好的选择。     

盐度对污水硝化过程中N_2O产量的影响

采用调节盐度(7.5 g/L)和未调节盐度(0.1 g/L)实际生活污水驯化的活性污泥,分别考察了其相应硝化过程中N2O的产量和转化率.结果表明,盐度7.5 g/L生活污水硝化过程中N2O产量是未调节盐度N2O产量的2.85倍.考察其他盐度下污水硝化过程中N2O产量与转化率的结果表明,盐度从7.5 g/L降低到5.0、2.5 g/L后,N2O产量变化不大,但系统比氨氧化速率随着盐度的下降有所增加;当盐度从7.5 g/L急剧增加到10 g/L后,硝化过程中N2O产量和转化率均有大幅升高,产量达到7.5 g/L时的2.2倍,比氨氧化速率大幅下降.因此处理含盐污水时,应尽量避免盐度的过高波动,防止污水硝化过程中N2O产量和转化率大幅地升高.     

The thermal transformation mechanism of chlorinated paraffins: An experimental and density functional theory study

The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.