多级串联表面流库塘-湿地净化农田径流效果评价

农田径流已成为湖泊流域非点源污染治理的主要制约因素.为研究多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中各级表面流湿地对洱海流域农田径流水体的净化效果,以大理市喜洲镇美坝村新建的多级串联表面流库塘-湿地为研究对象,跟踪监测其各级表面流湿地进、出水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）,分析水质净化效果及营养盐质量浓度沿程变化规律.结果表明:①多级串联表面流库塘-湿地出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）平均值分别为1.77、1.18和0.05 mg/L,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准限值,TN、NO₃--N和TP去除率分别为57.75%、65.54%和67.43%.②农田径流在经过沉淀池、一级和二级表面流湿地后,对TN、NO₃--N和TP的去除率已分别达45.35%、52.21%和50.59%,且二级表面流湿地中出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）分别为2.36、1.69和0.06 mg/L,已达到较好的出水水质.③氮、磷营养盐质量浓度沿程削减模型拟合结果表明,指数削减模型较适宜表征TN、NO₃--N在多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中的沿程削减过程,而TP的最佳削减模型为线性削减模型.研究显示,多级串联表面流库塘-湿地对农田径流具有较好的净化效果,其对营养盐净化作用主要体现在前两级表面流湿地.      

上海市专项化学品制造行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

选取上海市某工业区内专项化学品制造行业中有代表性的10家企业,使用苏玛罐对各企业有组织排放废气进行采样,通过GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对106种VOCs进行分析,研究了专项化学品制造行业的VOCs排放特征,并使用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法计算了各企业排放VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明:OVOCs（含氧挥发性有机物）和芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的VOCs特征组分,OVOCs与芳香烃质量分数之和为65.0%~100.0%;8家企业排放的VOCs中质量分数最高的物种均为OVOCs,w（OVOCs）为55.8%~99.9%.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等OVOCs及苯、甲苯等芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的特征物种.10家企业排放VOCs的OFP（臭氧生成潜势）为1.9~933.5 mg/m 3,OVOCs和芳香烃是专项化学品制造企业的主要活性组分,累计对OFP的贡献率在80.1%~100.0%之间.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮、苯和甲苯等是专项化学品制造行业的关键活性物种.研究显示,专项化学品制造行业VOCs污染治理应重点控制OVOCs和芳香烃.      

Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon-nitride supported antimony-doped tin oxide nanocomposite and its application for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Antimony-doped tin oxide(ATO) nanoparticles with an average size of ～ 6 nm were prepared by co-precipitation and subsequent heat treatment. Graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)/ATO hybrid nanocomposite was designed by the combination of thermally synthesized g-CN and ATO nanoparticles by ultrasonication. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption/desorption(BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). A mixture of five volatile organic compounds(VOCs, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene) was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the samples. The adsorption capacity of ATO nanoparticles was improved by the addition of g-CN. Experimental data showed that, among the five VOCs,chloroform was the least adsorbed, regardless of the samples. The g-CN/ATO showed nearly three times greater adsorption capacity for the VOC mixture than pure ATO. The unchanged efficiency of VOC adsorption during cyclic use demonstrated the completely reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of the nanocomposite at room conditions. This economically and environmentally friendly material can be a practical solution for outdoor and indoor VOC removal.     

Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of environmental pollutants

Environmental pollution, a major problem worldwide, poses considerable threat to human health and ecological environment. Efficient and reliable detection technologies, which focus on the appearance of emerging environmental and trace pollutants, are urgently needed. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) has become an attractive analytical tool for sensing trace targets in environmental field because of its inherent molecular fingerprint specificity and high sensitivity. In this review, we focused on the recent developments in the integration of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) with SERS for facilitating sensitive detection of environmental pollutants. An overview and classification of different types of MNPs for SERS detection were initially provided, enabling us to categorize the huge amount of literature that was available in the interdisciplinary research field of MNPs based SERS technology. Then, the basic working principles and applications of MNPs in SERS detection were presented. Subsequently, the detection technologies integrating MNPs with SERS that eventually were used for the detection of various environmental pollutions were reviewed. Finally, the advantages of MNP-basedSERS detection technology for environmental pollutants were concluded, and the current challenges and future outlook of this technology in practical applications were highlighted. The application of the MNPsbasedSERS techniques for environmental analysis will be significantly advanced with the great progresses of the nanotechnologies, optics, and materials.     

滇池柴河小流域暴雨径流氨氮的输移过程研究

氨氮通过暴雨径流的冲刷和土壤颗粒物的携带进入水体,对受纳河流、湖泊造成污染。以柴河小流域为单元,从输出源、输移过程、河道汇集过程这几个方面对2011年7、8月2场暴雨径流中的氨氮进行分析。结果表明:氨氮主要是吸附于土壤颗粒表面进行输移,所以土壤颗粒流失是氨氮流失控制的关键;氨氮浓度跟沉降时间的Pearson相关性均在-0.855(P<0.05)之上,呈显著负相关;2场暴雨中,均是颗粒物粒径小于0.000 8 mm的水样的氨氮浓度较大,说明粒径较小的颗粒物对氨氮的吸附量较大;氨氮的入河系数与污染源及输移过程氨氮含量的Pearson相关性在0.914(P<0.05)以上,说明入河系数与污染源及输移过程含量密切相关。氨氮的入河系数为0.12⁰.22,说明研究区域80%以上的氨氮被边坡、沟渠截留,效果良好,值得认真对待。     

油田人工岛开发建设风险控制措施分析

针对油田人工岛开发的特点,通过对人工岛开发建设过程的风险分析与对策研究,制定出有效的预防措施,以保证人工岛开发建设的顺利进行.     

SBR-电催化组合工艺处理己内酰胺废水试验研究

通过小试试验研究芬顿法、序批式活性污泥(SBR)生化法和电催化氧化法对己内酰胺废水中有机物的去除效果;采用SBR-电催化组合工艺现场中试,研究其对己内酰胺废水中有机物的去除效果,分析其运行的稳定性与经济性。结果表明:芬顿法在氧化剂投加量为3.0%时,COD_Cr去除率可达90.0%,但氧化剂成本较高;SBR生化法在适宜能耗时对COD_Cr的去除率为56.1%,单一工艺难以达到处理要求;电催化氧化法在适宜能耗时对COD_Cr的去除率为43.5%,单一工艺难以达到处理要求且单位耗电量较大;SBR-电催化氧化组合工艺对COD_Cr的去除率超过90.0%,出水COD_Cr降至200~300 mg/L,废水处理成本降低至5.15元/m ³,技术与经济方面均可行。     

阿司匹林生产用废弃活性炭的微波一步再生

阿司匹林生产过程中会产生大量的粉末状废弃活性炭,对环境造成了较大的影响。提出了不外加活化气体的微波加热一步再生法再生废弃活性炭,使之循环利用。通过试验考察了再生温度、再生时间和物料厚度等因素对再生活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响。在再生温度700℃、再生时间10 min和物料厚度20 mm的优化条件下,亚甲基蓝吸附量为180 mg/g,再生活性炭的得率为40.875%,与常规方法再生药用活性炭相比,降低了再生温度,再生时间缩短了50%左右。此时再生活性炭的比表面积为1 296 m~2/g,平均孔径为3.016nm,适合于吸附亚甲基蓝,总孔体积为0.977 4 m L/g,其中微孔占47.81%,表明微孔和中孔都较为发达。扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱图分析表明,活性炭孔隙和表面性质得到了有效的再生恢复。微波一步再生法避免了通入活化气体而导致大量粉末活性炭被带走的问题,并且该方法具有速度快、效率高等优势。     

Probabilistic risk assessment for pedestrian–vehicle collision considering uncertainties of pedestrian mobility

Objectives: The uncertainties of pedestrian mobility are important factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of an active pedestrian protection system. This study is to provide the means for probabilistic risk evaluation of pedestrian–vehicle collision by counting the uncertainties in pedestrian motion.

Method: The pedestrian is modeled by a first-order Markov model to characterize the stochastic properties in mobility according to field experiments of pedestrians crossing an uncontrolled road. Based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution, unscented transformation (UT) is employed to predict the collision risk probability with the symmetric σ-set constructed on the basis of discrete trajectory simulation. Simulation experiments were carried out with 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations as the reference.

Results: The probability density distributions of time-to-collision, minimal distance, and collision probability estimated by UT coincide with the reference ones under various vehicle–pedestrian conflict scenarios, and the maximal deviation of collision probability from the reference is 5.33%. The UT method is about 600 times faster than the MC method (10,000 runs), which means that the proposed method has the potential for online application.

Conclusions: This article presents an effective and efficient algorithm to estimate the collision probability by using a UT method to solve the nonlinear transformation of uncertainties in pedestrian motion. Simulation results show that the UT-based method achieves accurate collision probability estimation and higher computation efficiency than MC and provides more valuable information concerning collision avoidance than the deterministic methods in the design of a pedestrian collision avoidance system.     

BSSF滚筒法钢渣处理技术发展现况研究

介绍了BSSF滚筒法渣处理技术的原理和发展现状,通过对主体设备的不断优化完善及工艺系统的再次开发,对钢渣黏度适应性增强,钢渣处理率从30%提高到85%,系统运行稳定,为钢渣资源化利用提供了良好的条件,符合当今社会对环保及固废资源循环利用的需求。