Simultaneous adsorption of lead and cadmium on MnO2-loaded resin

MnO2-loaded D301 weak basic anion exchange resin has been used as adsorbent to simultaneously remove lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The e ects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH and the coexistent ions on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that with the adsorbent dosage more than 0.6 g/L, both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were simultaneously removed at pH range 5–6. Except for HPO4 2??, the high concentration coexistent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl??, NO3??, SO4 2?? and HCO3??, showed no significant e ect on the removal e ciency of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ under the experimental conditions. The coexistence of Mg2+, Ca2+ caused the reduction of Cd2+ removal, but not for Pb2+. The adsorption equilibrium for Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be excellently described by the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 80.64 mg/g for Pb2+ and 21.45 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model. MnO2-loaded D301 resin has been shown to have a potential to be used as an e ective adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution.     

白色污染的外部性及其管控措施

随着经济的快速发展,白色污染造成的危害日益凸显.中国政府于1999年开始陆续颁布了一系列条例,限制"白色垃圾"的生产、销售和使用.但是,白色污染仍日趋严重.文章首先从分析白色污染的外部性入手,并且重点从经济学的角度讨论其外部性的具体表现.通过对现行政府征收排污税制度和实行排污许可证交易制度的效率比较,得出排污许可证交易是有效率的环境管控措施.     

石灰与磷肥对籽粒苋吸收镉的影响

籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)是我国广泛栽种的牧草,但具有富集重金属Cd的特性,探讨减少其吸收镉的方法技术,可以降低人畜受害风险.研究利用温室盆栽方法,比较了施用磷肥和石灰对降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量的影响.于含镉5 mg·kg-1的污染菜园土中,以粉末形式加入3 g·kg-1 Ca(OH)2,或以液态形式加入磷肥(0.326 g·kg-1 Ca(H2PO4)2)至P浓度80 mg·kg-1,该施用量为农业应用常规水平.播种籽粒苋,于60 d后收获,测定相关参数.结果表明,施用石灰使土壤pH上升1.7单位,土壤有效Cd下降至极低水平,从而大幅降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量,较对照下降约56%,但施石灰也使土壤供磷量下降,使籽粒苋的生物量也减少了约一半.施用石灰后,土壤的Ca与K供应量以及籽粒苋体内Ca与K含量均明显增加,Ca、K与Cd形成的竞争吸收也是施用石灰后籽粒苋Cd含量下降的一个原因.本地菜同土含有较高的有效磷,以常规农业磷肥施用量施用磷肥对籽粒苋吸收Cd没有明显影响,对生物量也没有明显影响,但适当提高施用量预期会有一定的效果.因而,对广州地区菜园土,使用合理的石灰施用量,可有效降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量.     

我国南方主要酸沉降区土壤中铝的释放与缓冲作用

本文研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下淋溶液ｐＨ值及Ａｌ离子释放特点,结果表明,石灰土和滨海盐土的阳离子淋溶量低于阳离子交换量,土壤主要处于阳离子交换缓冲范围和碳酸盐－硅酸盐缓冲范围,Ａｌ释放量一般低于０．４０ｍｍｏｌ·ｋｇ＾－１。     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.     

免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

零价铁对土壤中对氯硝基苯的还原作用

在常温常压下,利用零价铁(Fe0)还原土壤中的对氯硝基苯(p-CNB),研究反应产物随时间的变化以及反应条件对还原率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe0能够有效将土壤中的p-CNB还原成对氯苯胺(p-CAN),反应过程中先生成中间产物对氯亚硝基苯(p-CNSB),然后再进一步还原生成p-CAN.p-CNB还原率受到反应时间,土壤初始pH、温度、铁粉用量和土壤含水率等条件的影响.当p-CNB约为2.5×10-6mol/g,土壤初始pH为6.8,铁粉用量为50 mg,土壤含水率为75%时,在恒温生化培养箱中温度为(25±1)℃条件下,反应5 h后p-CNB还原率达到97.43%.     

Tripolyphosphate-assisted electro-Fenton process for coking wastewater treatment at neutral pH

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The first application of a novel electro-Fenton (EF) for coking wastewater (CW) treatment at the original pH (6.80) by using tripolyphosphate (TPP)...     

Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste

Background, aim, and scope  It has been known that the pollutants of electronic wastes (E-wastes) can lead to severe pollution to the environment. It has been reported that about 50% to 80% of E-wastes from developed countries are exported to Asia and Africa. It has become a major global environmental problem to deal with ‘E-wastes’. E-waste recycling has remained primitive in Jinghai, China. This not only produces enormous environmental pollution but also can bring about toxic or genotoxic effects on the human body, threatening the health of both current residents and future generations living in the local environment. The concentration of lead in the blood of children in the E-waste polluted area in China is higher than that of the control area. But little is known about the cytogenetic effect to human beings caused by the pollution of E-wastes. In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the genetics of permanent residents of three villages with numerous E-waste disposal sites and to analyze the harmful effects of exposure to E-wastes. Materials and methods  In total, 171 villagers (exposed group) were randomly selected from permanent residents of three villages located in Jinghai County of Tianjin, China, where there has been massive disposal of E-wastes. Thirty villagers were selected from the neighboring towns without E-waste disposal sites to serve as controls. Chromosomal aberrations and cytokinesis blocking micronucleus were performed to detect the cytogenetic effect, dic + r (dicentric and ring chromosome), monomer, fragments (acentric fragments, minute chromosomes, and acentric rings), translocation, satellite, quadriradial, total aberrations, and micronuclear rate were scored for each subject. DNA damage was detected using comet assay; the DNA percentage in the comet tail (TDNA%), tail moment (TM), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were recorded to describe DNA damage to lymphocytes. Results  The total chromosome aberration rates (5.50%) and micronuclear rates (16.99%) of the exposure group were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.000). The percentage of DNA in the comet tail, tail moment, and Olive tail moment detected by comet assay showed that there was a significant difference in DNA damage in the exposure group (P = 0.000). The chromosome aberration, micronucleus rate, and DNA damage observed in women were significantly higher than those in men. Chromosome aberration and micronuclear rates of both smokers and non-smokers in the exposure group are obviously higher than that in the control group (P = 0.000). Discussion  The use of outdated (and unsafe) ways to deal with E-wastes can lead to exposure to a variety of substances harmful to human health. The components of pollution may enter the human body through the air, drinking water, and food chain to damage human genetic material, resulting in genomic instability. The rates of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus formation, and the degree of DNA damage in women in the group exposed to electronic waste were significantly higher than in men. The reason for this may be concerned with the traditional lifestyle of the local residents or the difference of sensitivity to the exposure to E-wastes or any others. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence to demonstrate this. Conclusions  Here, we report the obviously cytogenetic toxicity to the exposure population by the E-waste pollution for the first time. E-waste pollution may be a potential agent of genetic mutation, and may induce cytogenetic damage within the general population exposed to the pollution. These findings need to be considered, and steps should be taken to protect the current population and future generations from the effects of pollution with E-wastes. Recommendations and perspectives  The above results remind us that the impact of E-waste recycling on environmental quality of Jinghai should be evaluated soon. Moreover, it is urgent for the government to prohibit E-waste import and its processing by outdated ways. The future studies such as pollutant details of drinking water, air, and soil in the area as well as epidemiological investigations on the harmful effect to children must be performed eagerly. All the data available do provide a compelling case for immediate action in both countries to address workplace health and safety and waste management. Qiang Liu and Jia Cao contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship.