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191.
Jacqueline Geoghegan Deborah Lawrence Laura C. Schneider Katherine Tully 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(3):247-260
To assess the impact of land-use change on carbon stocks, we apply a new methodology, linking ecological and economic modeling,
to southern Yucatan, Mexico. A spatial econometric multinomial logit model of ten land-cover classes is estimated (four primary
forest categories, three secondary growth categories, an invasive species, and two agricultural land-cover categories), using
satellite data on land cover, linked with census socioeconomic data and other biophysical spatial data from 2000. The analysis
is novel in that it is the first attempt to link detailed satellite data on land use, with on-the-ground estimates of carbon
stocks in a spatial econometric model of land use. The estimated multinomial logit model is then used with two scenarios of
future economic growth (“low growth” and “high growth” changes in population, agricultural land use, market access, and education
levels) in the region to predict land-cover changes resulting from the economic growth. The per hectare carbon (C) stocks
in each land-cover class are derived from previously published estimates of biomass from field sampling across the study region.
We consider aboveground-only, aboveground plus soil, transient and non-transient pools of carbon. These estimates are scaled
up to the total area in each class according to the predictions of the model baseline and the two development scenarios. Subsequently,
the changes in carbon stocks resulting from the predicted land-cover changes are calculated. Under the low growth scenario,
carbon stocks declined by 5%; under the high growth scenario, losses were 12%. Including soil C, the proportional losses were
lower, but the absolute amount lost was more than double (to 6 Tg C under the low and almost 15 Tg C under the high-growth
scenario). This methodology could be further developed for applications in global change policy, such as payments for environmental
services (PES) or reduction in emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). 相似文献
192.
David C. Snyder James J. Schauer Deborah S. Gross Jay R. Turner 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(26):4033-4042
Single-particle mass spectra were collected using an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) during December of 2003 and February of 2004 at an industrially impacted location in East St. Louis, IL. Hourly integrated peak areas for twenty ions were evaluated for their suitability in representing metals/metalloids, particularly those reported in the US EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Of the initial twenty ions examined, six (Al, As, Cu, Hg, Ti, and V) were found to be unsuitable due to strong isobaric interferences with commonly observed organic fragments, and one (Be) was found to have no significant signal. The usability of three ions (Co, Cr, and Mn) was limited due to suspected isobaric interferences based on temporal comparisons with commonly observed organic fragments. The identity of the remaining ions (Sb, Ba, Cd, Ca, Fe, Ni, Pb, K, Se, and Zn) was substantiated by comparing their signals with the integrated hourly signals of one or more isotope ions. When compared with one-in-six day integrated elemental data as determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), the daily integrated ATOFMS signal for several metal ions revealed a semi-quantitative relationship between ATOFMS peak area and XRF concentrations, although in some cases comparison of these measurements were poor at low elemental concentrations/ion signals due to isobaric interferences. A method of estimating the impact of local point sources was developed using hourly integrated ATOFMS peak areas, and this method attributed as much as 85% of the concentration of individual metals observed at the study site to local point sources. Hourly surface wind data were used in conjunction with TRI facility emissions data to reveal likely point sources impacting metal concentrations at the study site and to illustrate the utility of using single-particle mass spectral data to characterize atmospheric metals and identify point sources. 相似文献
193.
Vincent Y. Seaman Deborah H. Bennett Thomas M. Cahill 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(39):6199-6204
Acrolein (2-propenal) is a common constituent of both indoor and outdoor air, can exacerbate asthma in children, and may contribute to other chronic lung diseases. Recent studies have found high indoor levels of acrolein and other carbonyls compared to outdoor ambient concentrations. Heated cooking oils produce considerable amounts of acrolein, thus cooking is likely an important source of indoor acrolein. A series of cooking experiments were conducted to determine the emission rates of acrolein and other volatile carbonyls for different types of cooking oils (canola, soybean, corn and olive oils) and deep-frying different food items. Similar concentrations and emission rates of carbonyls were found when different vegetable oils were used to deep-fry the same food product. The food item being deep-fried was generally not a significant source of carbonyls compared to the cooking oil. The oil cooking events resulted in high concentrations of acrolein that were in the range of 26.4–64.5 μg m?3. These concentrations exceed all the chronic regulatory exposure limits and many of the acute exposure limits. The air exchange rate and the decay rate of the carbonyls were monitored to estimate the half-life of the carbonyls. The half-life for acrolein was 14.4 ± 2.6 h, which indicates that indoor acrolein concentrations can persist for considerable time after cooking in poorly-ventilated homes. 相似文献
194.
Multifoci effects of injustice on counterproductive work behaviors and the moderating roles of symbolization and victim sensitivity
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James J. Lavelle Christopher M. Harris Deborah E. Rupp David N. Herda Randall F. Young M. Blake Hargrove Meghan Ann Thornton‐Lugo Gary C. McMahan 《组织行为杂志》2018,39(8):1022-1039
Past research suggests that employees, in response to workplace experiences, selectively engage in targeted counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). Taking a retributive justice and target similarity perspective, we predict that employee perceptions of unfairness from the organization uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the organization whereas employee perceptions of supervisory unfairness uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the supervisor. We further hypothesized that moral identity‐symbolization would strengthen these target‐similar relationships. Finally, drawing from the sensitivity to mean intentions model, we hypothesized that victim sensitivity would not only strengthen these target‐similar relationships but also lead to cross‐foci effects of multifoci fairness perceptions on targets of CWB. Results from 3 field studies of full‐time employees provided support for most of our hypothesized relationships. 相似文献
195.
Numerous studies have examined relationships between primary production and biodiversity at higher trophic levels. However, altered production in plant communities is often tightly linked with concomitant shifts in diversity and composition, and most studies have not disentangled the direct effects of production on consumers. Furthermore, when studies do examine the effects of plant production on animals in terrestrial systems, they are primarily confined to a subset of taxonomic or functional groups instead of investigating the responses of the entire community. Using natural monocultures of the salt marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora, we were able to examine the impacts of increased plant production, independent of changes in plant composition and/or diversity, on the trophic structure, composition, and diversity of the entire arthropod community. If arthropod species richness increased with greater plant production, we predicted that it would be driven by: (1) an increase in the number of rare species, and/or (2) an increase in arthropod abundance. Our results largely supported our predictions: species richness of herbivores, detritivores, predators, and parasitoids increased monotonically with increasing levels of plant production, and the diversity of rare species also increased with plant production. However, rare species that accounted for this difference were predators, parasitoids, and detritivores, not herbivores. Herbivore species richness could be simply explained by the relationship between abundance and diversity. Using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), we also found significant changes in arthropod species composition with increasing levels of production. Our findings have important implications in the intertidal salt marsh, where human activities have increased nitrogen runoff into the marsh, and demonstrate that such nitrogen inputs cascade to affect community structure, diversity, and abundance in higher trophic levels. 相似文献
196.
Philippa Douglas Daniela Fecht Deborah Jarvis 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(3):40
197.
Ravina Marco Panepinto Deborah Zanetti Mariachiara 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(26):33809-33827
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The installation of district heating (DH) systems constitutes an advantage from the energetic, climate, and air quality aspects. However, the... 相似文献
198.
João B. Teixeira Rodrigo L. Moura Morena Mills Carissa Klein Christopher J. Brown Vanessa M. Adams Hedley Grantham Matthew Watts Deborah Faria Gilberto M. Amado‐Filho Alex C. Bastos Reinaldo Lourival Hugh P. Possingham 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1096-1106
Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation. 相似文献
199.
Lapied E Nahmani JY Moudilou E Chaurand P Labille J Rose J Exbrayat JM Oughton DH Joner EJ 《Environment international》2011,37(6):1105-1110
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles seem to have a low toxicity to terrestrial organisms, though few studies are published in this area. TiO(2) used in sunscreens are nanocomposites where TiO(2) has been coated with magnesium, silica or alumina, as well as amphiphilic organics like polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), and these coatings are modified by ageing. We assessed the ecotoxicity and propensity for bioaccumulation of an aged TiO(2) nanocomposite used in sunscreen cosmetics, and its potential effect on the frequency of apoptosis in different earthworm tissues. The earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was exposed to the TiO(2) nanocomposite for 7 days in water or 2-8 weeks in soil with the nanocomposite mixed either into food or soil at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mg kg(-1). Apoptosis was then measured by immunohistochemistry and Ti localized by XRF microscopy. Results showed no mortality, but an enhanced apoptotic frequency which was higher in the cuticule, intestinal epithelium and chloragogenous tissue than in the longitudinal and circular musculature. TiO(2) nanoparticles did not seem to cross the intestinal epithelium/chloragogenous matrix barrier to enter the coelomic liquid, or the cuticule barrier to reach the muscular layers. No bioaccumulation of TiO(2) nanocomposites could thus be observed. 相似文献
200.
Private landowners play a pivotal role in determining whether or not rare species persist in regions where privately owned
land is extensive. The range of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is confined to the Southeastern U.S., a region predominantly under private ownership, and thus the status of this species
is largely dependent upon land management decisions made by private landowners. We sent an anonymous mail survey to 2,584
individuals to examine factors affecting gopher tortoise occurrence on private lands in Mississippi (adjusted response rate
of 23%). Few respondents (19%) reported currently having tortoises on their property, although many had them in the past (30%).
Tortoises were persisting primarily on larger properties with longleaf pine that were not managed chiefly for timber production.
In general, respondents were largely unaware of habitat requirements of tortoises or effects of various land management practices
on them, and few reported using management techniques that benefit tortoises, such as prescribed burning. Most respondents
(57%) knew of wildlife incentive programs, but were hesitant to enroll because they did not want to commit to managing their
property in a particular manner (34%). We suggest actions that could improve the likelihood of tortoise persistence in this
region, as well as changes that could be made to incentive programs to increase landowner participation. These suggestions
should be relevant to the conservation of other rare species on private lands in other regions. 相似文献