竹炭和猪炭对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

以动物源的猪炭和植物源的竹炭为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,研究生物质炭的种类(竹炭和猪炭)、施用方式(一次施用和分批施用)对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响,结果表明:空心菜季土壤N_2O和CO_2排放显著高于小青菜季,土壤N_2O和CO_2排放与土壤pH、温度呈显著相关(p0.01).与不施炭对照相比,竹炭处理可使两季空心菜和小青菜土壤N_2O累积排放量减少16.9%~39.9%,同时CO_2排放量减少9.2%~15.7%,且一次施用处理优于分批施用.猪炭处理在土壤N_2O减排效果上没有竹炭显著,且一次性施用猪炭处理明显增加了两茬空心菜土壤CO_2排放量,与对照相比,分别增加了13.3%和12.9%.与猪炭相比,一次性施用20 t·hm~(-2)竹炭处理在抑制土壤N_2O和CO_2排放上效果更佳.     

Coagulation efficiency and flocs characteristics of recycling sludge during treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted water

Drinking water treatment sludge, characterized as accumulated suspended solids and organic and inorganic matter, is produced in large quantities during the coagulation process. The proper disposal, regeneration or reuse of sludge is, therefore, a significant environmental issue. Reused sludge at low temperatures is an alternative method to enhance traditional coagulation efficiency. In the present study, the recycling mass of mixed sludge and properties of raw water (such as pH and turbidity) were systematically investigated to optimize coagulation efficiency. We determined that the appropriate dosage of mixed sludge was 60 mL/L, effective initial turbidity ranges were below 45.0 NTU, and optimal pH for DOMs and turbidity removal was 6.5--7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the flocs characteristics with and without recycling sludge, we found that floc structures with sludge were more irregular with average size growth to 64.7 μupm from 48.1 μupm. Recycling sludge was a feasible and successful method for enhancing pollutants removal, and the more irregular flocs structure after recycling might be caused by breakage of reused flocs and incorporation of powdered activated carbon into larger flocs structure. Applied during the coagulation process, recycling sludge could be significant for the treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted source water.     

长江,嘉陵江重庆段水质现状评价与预测

采用隶属度加权综合平均水质级别法和三参量评价指数法对长江嘉陵江重庆干流段的平均水质进行了现状评价，同时利用一维水质模型和二维水质数学模型对干流平均水质和城区段的岸边水质进行了模拟计算，提出了未来两江可能出现的水质问题以及防治污染需要重点控制的污染物。     

喀斯特土壤水分变化研究

土壤含水率的高低与生态变化的关系密切,尤其是在岩溶地区。土壤含水率对生态的影响主要表现在两个方面,其一是含水率的高低可以间接影响岩溶地区的水土流失,对生态的保护有很重要作用;其次是对岩溶地区生态的恢复有重要意义。本文从土壤含水率的实测着手,探索了土壤含水率与植被类型、土壤厚度等方面的关系, 揭示了喀斯特土壤含水率的发育特征与时段变化规律,从而对岩溶地区的生态环境保护提出了建设性意见。     

Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: inhibition of seed germination and root growth

Plants need to be included to develop a comprehensive toxicity profile for nanoparticles. Effects of five types of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc, and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of six higher plant species (radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber) were investigated. Seed germination was not affected except for the inhibition of nanoscale zinc (nano-Zn) on ryegrass and zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) on corn at 2000 mg/L. Inhibition on root growth varied greatly among nanoparticles and plants. Suspensions of 2000 mg/L nano-Zn or nano-ZnO practically terminated root elongation of the tested plant species. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of nano-Zn and nano-ZnO were estimated to be near 50mg/L for radish, and about 20mg/L for rape and ryegrass. The inhibition occurred during the seed incubation process rather than seed soaking stage. These results are significant in terms of use and disposal of engineered nanoparticles.     

一种估计重大工程场地地震危险性的新方法

在简要回顾了地震危险性评定方法的要点之后,提出了一种评定工程场地地震危险性的新方法。这一方法的要点是：（１）用现在流行的方法对地震活动性进行统计分析和潜在震源划分,并将潜在震源简化为矩形断层模型;（２）在某一潜在震源上,一旦发生某一震级的地震,则采用强震地震学的研究结果从物理上模拟这次地震在重要工程场地引起的强地面运动;（３）在这一潜在震源上,可以构造出在预测的Ｔ年内符合震级－频度关系的一组随机地     

可再生能源资源的系统评价方法及实例

可再生能源资源评价是可再生能源综合规划的前提,由于能源综合规划各环节之间是相互关联的,因此,能源资源评价不能独立于其它分析过程而单独进行。特别是对可再生能源资源来说,评价内容除了要考虑储量、开采量、生产率等进行一般能源评价所考虑的因素以外,更应注重可再生能源资源的开发技术及市场分析。由于目前对可再生能源的资源评价尚未形成比较系统的评价体系,因此,论文根据可再生能源资源的特性以及它与技术、市场之间的内在联系,从一般系统论的观点出发,对可再生能源资源的系统评价方法进行了研究。最后以秸秆资源为例,对以上选择的评价方法进行了实际应用。     

Comparison between UV and VUV photolysis for the pre- and post-treatment of coking wastewater

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis were investigated for the pre-treatment and post-treatment of coking wastewater. First, 6-fold diluted raw coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. It was found that 15.9%-35.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 24 hr irradiation. The irradiated effluent could be degraded by the acclimated activated sludge. Even though the VUV photolysis removed more chemical oxygen demand (COD) than UV, the UV-irradiated effluent demonstrated better biodegradability. After 4 hr UV irradiation, the biological oxygen demand BOD₅/COD ratio of irradiated coking wastewater increased from 0.163 to 0.224, and its toxicity decreased to the greatest extent. Second, the biologically treated coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. Both of them were able to remove 37%-47% TOC within 8 hr irradiation. Compared to UV, VUV photolysis could significantly improve the transparency of the bio-treated effluent. VUV also reduced 7% more ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), 17% more nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), and 18% more total nitrogen (TN) than UV, producing 35% less nitrite nitrogen (NO₃^--N) as a result. In conclusion, UV irradiation was better in improving the biodegradability of coking wastewater, while VUV was more effective at photolyzing the residual organic compounds and inorganic N-species in the bio-treated effluent.     

Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018

This study encompassed the regular observation of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter (PM) in Shanghai in summer and winter from 2010 to 2018. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in summer decreased by 24.7% in 2013 and 18.1% in 2017 but increased by 10.2% in 2015 compared to the data in 2010. However, the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in winter decreased by 39.7% from 2010 (12.8 ± 4.55 ng/m³) to 2018 (7.72 ± 3.33 ng/m³), and the mean concentrations of 1-nitropyrene in winter decreased by 79.0% from 2010 (42.3 ± 16.1 pg/m³) to 2018 (8.90 ± 2.09 pg/m³). Correlation analysis with meteorological conditions revealed that the PAH and NPAH concentrations were both influenced by ambient temperature. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and factor analysis showed that they were mainly affected by traffic emissions with some coal and/or biomass combustion. The ratio of 2-nitrofluoranthene to 2-nitropyrene was near 10, which indicated that the OH radical-initiated reaction was the main pathway leading to their secondary formation. Moreover, backward trajectories revealed different air mass routes in each sampling period, indicating a high possibility of source effects from the northern area in winter in addition to local and surrounding influences. Meanwhile, the mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations in Shanghai in winter decreased by 50.8% from 2010 (1860 ± 645 pg/m³) to 2018 (916 ± 363 pg/m³). These results indicated the positive effects of the various policies and regulations issued by Chinese authorities.     

新疆喀什地区地下水氟的空间分布规律及其富集因素分析

高氟地下水严重影响当地居民的身体健康.基于新疆喀什地区571个地下水样的氟离子实测含量,运用Mapgis软件绘制研究区地下水氟含量分布图,结果表明,研究区地下水氟含量呈西部、北部高于东部、南部,中部最低的特点;山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区氟含量表现为浅层潜水高于深层潜水,中下游河流冲积平原区地下水氟含量表现为潜水浅层承压水深层承压水.采用绘制Gibbs图、Piper三线图、离子比例图等方法对研究区水化学环境特征及地下水氟的富集因素进行研究,结果表明,研究区地下水氟源于山前含氟基岩;受地下水径流条件影响,研究区地下水氟含量平均值表现为中下游河流冲积平原区山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区;蒸发浓缩作用使F~-浓度进一步增大;研究区高氟地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na和Cl·SO_4-Na型,地下水弱碱性环境有助于F~-的富集.